quiz one speech – Flashcards

- a vital life skill - good for careers and getting jobs - enhances your career as a student (skills learned in a speech class can be applied to other classes as well) - gives you a voice that can be heard and counted, a voice that you can use to speak up about different issues in the world today

- analyze the audience - how their interests, needs, and opinions will influence their responses toward a given topic, speaker, and occasion - select a topic - consider the speech occasion and reason for speaking - what topics will be suitable to your audience's needs and wants in these circumstances? - determine the speech purpose - should direct speech toward one of three general speech purposes - to inform, to persuade, or to mark a special occasion - compose a thesis statement - compose a thesis statement that clearly expresses the central idea of your speech - the thesis statement concisely identifies to your audience, in a single sentence, what the speech is about - develop the main points - organize your speech around two or three main points - gather supporting materials - illustrate the main points with supporting material that clarifies, elaborates, and verifies your ideas - separate the speech into its major parts - every speech will have an introduction, a body, and a conclusion - develop each part separately then bring them together using transition statements - outline the speech - outlines are based on the principles of coordination and subordination which is the logical placement of ideas relative to their importance to one another - consider presentation aids - visual, audio, or a combination of different presentation aids will help the audience understand points - practice delivering the speech - necessary for the success of your speech - want to feel and appear natural while presenting your speech so it is essential to practice at least four to six times

to overcome anxiety, one can do a variety of things such as preparing and practicing their speech, have a more positive attitude, briefly meditate, stretch, stress-control breathing, or use movement to minimize anxiety

an ethical public speaker means taking responsibility for your words, no hate speech, fighting words, or slander is to be used in the speech, an ethical speaker must be trustworthy, fair, and demonstrate respect by treating audience members with civility and courtesy. an ethical speaker must also speak with dignity and integrity. dignity refers to by bearing and conduct that is respectful to self and others. integrity is the promise that the speaker will avoid compromising the truth for the sake of personal expediency.

the use of other people's ideas or words without acknowledging the source, this is unethical.

the theme of a speech states as a single, declarative sentence

examples - an example is a typical instance of something - brief examples offer a single illustration of a point - extended examples offer multifaceted illustrations of the idea, item, or event being described, thereby allowing the speaker to create a more detailed picture for the audience - a hypothetical example is what you believe the outcome might be since something has not happened yet stories - one of the most powerful means of conveying a message and connecting with an audience is through a story or narrative - stories can be relatively short and simple descriptions of incidents worked into the speech, or longer accounts that constitute most of the presentation and even serve as the organizing framework for it - anecdotes are brief stories of interesting and often humorous incidents based on real life draw on testimony - consider quoting or paraphrasing people who have an intimate knowledge on your topic - testimony is firsthand findings, eyewitness accounts, and people's opinions - expert testimony includes findings, eyewitness accounts, or opinions from professionals trained to evaluate a given topic - lay testimony or testimony by non-experts such as eyewitnesses can reveal compelling firsthand information that may be unavailable to others facts and statistics - facts represent documented occurrences, including actual events, dates, times, people, and places - statistics are quantified evidence that summarizes, compares, and predicts things; statistics add precision to speech claims - a frequency is simply a count of the number of times something occurs - a percentage is the quantified portion of a whole, percentages help audience members easily grasp comparisons between things, such as the unemployment rate in several states average - describes information according to its typical characteristics

- books - reference work - print article - online-only publications - organization website - blog - television or radio program - online video - testimony (lay or expert) - interview and other personal communication

- offering listeners inaccurate statistics is unethical - use only reliable statistics; include statistics from the most authoritative source you can locate and evaluate the methods used to generate the data - present statistics in context; inform listeners of when the data was collected and by whom, the method used to collect the data and the scope of the research - avoid cherry-picking; politicians are often accused of this, cherry-picking is selecting only those statistics that buttress their own arguments while ignoring competing data - avoid confusing statistics with "absolute truth"

- on blackboard, to ensure you know how to access the site

- the author or origin of the source - the type of the source - the title or description of the source - the date of the source - qualifying the source to establish its reliability and credibility

- introduction: establishes the purpose of the speech and shows its relevance to the audience - body: presents main points that are intended to fulfill the speech purpose - conclusion: brings closure to the speech by restating the purpose, summarizing main points, and reiterating the speech thesis and its relevance to the audience - in conclusion, the introduction of a speech tells listeners where they are going, the body takes them there, and the conclusion lets them know the journey has ended

to create main points, identify the most important ideas you want to convey, what major findings emerge from your research?

- transitions: words, phrases, or sentences that tie the speech ideas together and enable the listener to follow the speaker as he or she moves from one point to the next - internal preview: used by speakers to signal a shift from one main point or idea to another - internal summary: draws together important ideas before the speaker proceeds to another speech point - full-sentence transitions: especially effective when moving from one main point to another - transitional words and phrases - to show comparisons: similarly; in the same way; likewise; just as - to contrast ideas: on the other hand; and yet; at the same time; in spite of; however; in contrast - to illustrate cause and effect: as a result; hence; because; thus; consequently - to illustrate sequence of time or events: first; second; third....; following this; later; earlier; at present; in the past - to indicate explanation: for example; to illustrate; in other words; to simplify; to clarify - to indicate additional examples: not only; in addition to; let's look at - to emphasize significance: most important; above all; remember; keep in mind - to summarize: in conclusion; in summary; finally; let me conclude by saying

- an organizational pattern helps the audience follow the speaker's ideas and link points together to maximum effect - chronological pattern: also called a temporal pattern, follows the natural sequential order of the topic under consideration; topics that describe a series of events in time or follow a set of instructions call out for this pattern - spatial pattern: when describing the physical arrangement of a place, a scene, or an object, logic suggests that main points can be arranged in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to one another - causal (cause-effect) pattern of arrangement: examples of this are events leading to higher interest rates, reasons students drop out of college, and effects of skipping vaccinations - problem-solution pattern: organizes main points to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem followed by a proposed solution; most often used in persuasive speeches, the problem-solution pattern can be arranged as simply as two main points - topical pattern (also called the categorical pattern): when each of the main points is a subtopic or category of the speech topic

functions of introduction: - use stories, unusual facts, quotes, or humor to capture the audience's attention and stimulate their interest - establish a positive common bond with listeners, perhaps by referring to the purpose of the occasion - alert listeners to the speech purpose and topic - establish your credibility to address the topic - preview the main points of the speech - motivate listeners to accept your speech goals by conveying the benefits of your topic functions of conclusion: - as with the introduction, prepare the conclusion after you've completed the speech body - do not leave the conclusion to chance, include it with your speaking outline - keep the conclusion brief, as a rule, no more than 10 to 15 %, or about one-sixth, of the overall speech, conclude soon after you say you are about to end - carefully consider use of your language, more than in other parts of the speech, the conclusion can contain words that inspire and motivate - practice delivering your conclusion until you feel confident you've got it right - once you've signaled the end of your speech, conclude in short order

- speaking from manuscript - speaking from memory - impromptu speaking - extemporaneous speech

- strive for naturalness - show enthusiasm - project a sense of confidence - be direct

to increase the audience's knowledge and deepen their understanding of some phenomenon