question

What is excellent evidence:

answer

statistics, facts, quotes from credible people, and emotional examples. Remember, not to rely too strongly on examples as evidence.

question

Speeches to Convince:

answer

You want your audience to agree with your way of thinking. You aren't asking listeners to "do" anything. This approach is especially good when your listeners initially disagree with your position and you realize that moving them to action is unlikely.

question

Speeches to Actuate:

answer

You want your audience to take action.

question

Your Position Statement is:

answer

your thesis & is either a statement of value, fact, or policy.

question

Statement of Value :

answer

"Something is or is not good." This is personal opinion. Example: "It is IMMORAL to use animals for medical research."

question

Statement of Fact :

answer

"Something is or is not true." This is less personal opinion and can be backed up by credible research. Example: "Nuclear power plants are a SAFE energy source."

question

Statement of Policy:

answer

"Something should or should not be done." Example: "Drugs should be legalized."

question

When writing a persuasive speech, one should:

answer

find evidence for both sides of the topic, think about audience concerns and address them

question

What are the 5 types of organizational patterns:

answer

Problem-Solution, Direct Method, Comparative Advantage, Negative Method, and Monroe's Motivated Sequence.

question

Problem-Solution;

answer

Most commonly used persuasive speech pattern. The first part of the speech is spent explaining the problem to the audience, while the second half is devoted to offering a solution.

question

Direct Method:

answer

Make a claim then directly state your reasons to support it. In this method, the speaker should begin with the least important reason and end with the most important.

question

Direct Method:

answer

It is a good pattern to use when listeners are apathetic or neutral, mildly favoring, or mildly opposing the claim. Often it is used when the major persuasive purpose is to convince, though it can also be used to organize a speech to actuate.

question

Comparative Advantages Pattern:

answer

Shows that one proposal is superior to competing proposals by comparing its advantages to those of the competition.

question

Negative Method Pattern: solution remaining.

answer

Concentrates on the shortcomings of every other proposal; then you show why your proposal is the one logical

question

Monroe's Motivated Sequence:

answer

Modified form of a problem-solution speech. In order to move people to act, it is necessary to motivate them to do what they know they should do. Because of this, it is important to provide emotional reasons as well as logical ones.

question

Monroe's Motivated Sequence requires the steps of:

answer

attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

question

Developed and refined a pattern that is commonly used in persuasive speaking, especially in speeches with the purpose of actuating behavior:

answer

Alan Monroe, a professor at Purdue University

question

Attention Step:

answer

At the outset of the speech, as in any speech, you must gain the audience's attention and draw it to the speech topic.

question

Need Step:

answer

Requires 4 things-Statement; Illustration; Ramifications; Pointing

question

Satisfaction Step:

answer

propose a solution that will satisfy the need you have created by stating the attitude, belief, or action you want the audience to adopt; explaining your proposal; showing the logical connection between the need and your solution, using facts, figures, and testimony to show that the proposal has worked effectively or that the belief has been proved correct & by meeting objections.

question

Visualization Step:

answer

Most unique addition of any persuasive pattern & only included in the Monroe sequence where the audience imagines what will happen if they enact the proposal or if they fail to do so using positive, negative and contrasting examples.

question

Action Step:

answer

Final step of Monroe Sequence stating your personal intent to act call for the listeners to act in a specific way, calling for an overt action, attitude or belief & ending with an impact.

question

An introduction should:

answer

gain the attention of your audience within the critical first two minutes.

question

Logos

answer

Appeal to the intellect, and it is the general meaning of a "logical argument." Academic arguments rely on logos. Logical connections of reasoning are needed to support all positions. Logos" is Greek for "logic." It persuades through reasoning, including deductive and inductive reasoning. Attaching reasons to an opinion is the key method of arguing

question

Pathos

answer

Associated with emotion, such as appealing to an audience's sympathies and imagination. One common way to convey a pathetic appeal is through a narrative or a story that communicates an abstract lesson or meaning through a concrete experience. Values, beliefs and understandings of the arguer are implied and communicated to the audience through the story. "Pathos" is Greek for "suffering" or "experience." It refers to the emotional and imaginative impact of a message on an audience. The arguer is able, through his message, to move the audience to a decision or action.

question

Aristotle's Choice:

answer

Logos was Aristotle's favorite argumentative technique, but everyday arguments rely heavily on ethos and pathos

question

Improve your academic and career skills

answer

Research, critically analyze and evaluate arguments, understand human motivation, develop an effective communication style, give and respond appropriately to criticism, communicate your competence, character and charisma to make yourself believable

question

Communication Apprehension

answer

Attention step, need step, satisfaction step, visualization step, action step

question

Definition

answer

A statement explaining the meaning of a term or concept; it explains what something is plagiarism The process of passing off the work of others as you own.

question

presentation aid

answer

A visual or auditory means for clarifying ideas

question

temporal pattern

answer

You organize your speech into two, three, or four major parts, beginning with the past and working up to the present or future-or beginning with the present and working back to the past

question

Ethos

answer

The ethical appeal of the argument, represents credibility. The person delivering the argument must be trustworthy and respected as an expert who has knowledge about the issue in contention. This person must impress upon the audience his position of authority and integrity. "Ethos" is Greek for "character." It is communicated through the tone and style of the message along with the way a writer or speaker references various views or opinions. Character also can be influenced by the arguer's reputation, which is independent from the message.

question

Tactics for a persuasive speech:

answer

time consciousness, audience-relevant topic, care for topic, valid evidence, humor, id your own weaknesses, practice, call to action

question

Time Conscious:

answer

Choosing for a very broad topic in an assigned time won't allow you to cover all the points thoroughly hence resulting in a feeble argument.

question

Audience-Relevant Topic:

answer

Create common ground before convincing someone. You must be able to harmonize with your listeners and they should also be able to synchronize with you.

question

Tell the Audience You Care for the Topic:

answer

personally show conviction and give importance for the chosen topic; otherwise you will lack the necessary sentiments to convince your listeners. Choose a topic that thrills you; something you're zealous about. If the audience doesn't believe that you care, why should they?

question

Support Your View Intellectually & Don't be Confrontational:

answer

Employ ample evidences, illustrations, statistics, quotations, or true stories throughout the speech, the more supporting data you include, the more undoubted your argument will be. A sound argument will never point fingers at the counter party and their stance. Always make sure to cite your sources.

question

5 tactics to connect with audience:

answer

local examples, excellent evidence, represent the other side accurately, represent the other side sympathetically, & use good disclaimers.

question

Disclaimers:

answer

statements that present an argument against your position and explain why this argument is not correct.

question

What is excellent evidence:

answer

statistics, facts, quotes from credible people, and emotional examples. Remember, not to rely too strongly on examples as evidence.

question

What does it mean to represent the other side accurately:

answer

So that people do not feel alienated and stop listening, make sure you are accurate in representing their motives & points of view.

question

Represent the other side sympathetically:

answer

Difficult to do but very important! State clearly that although you disagree with the other side, you understand that people who disagree with you have good reasons for doing so. Never say or imply that people who disagree with you are immoral or unkind. If you insult someone, they certainly will not be persuaded.

question

Use a Dash of Humor:

answer

You don't want to bore your audience with monotonous repetitious content. Try fitting in sensible and pertinent humor as it refreshes the audience, compels them to reflect on the subject and enhances their receptivity.

question

Be Amicable & Interactive:

answer

You should be able to be friendly, display warm gestures, make eye contact with individuals by often changing gazes which instills a sense of direct communication with the audience making them feel important and more receptive towards you. You should not stand in one place, unless you are being recorded by a camera; move frequently to create an aura of one on one basis. interaction. You should never read your speech!

question

Practicing in front of a mirror:

answer

boosts your confidence and helps you diagnose anything awkward about you. It also helps you to observe well whether or not your persuasive speech is flowing logically or not.

question

Relax! It's Ok to Err:

answer

Perchance if you stumble over your words, or make any clumsy gesture, don't alarm! Just move forward or make a sensible joke related to your note. Never reveal your apprehension or anxiety in front of the crowd. It only makes the situation worst. Learn to face save yourself wisely and wittily.

question

Involve the Crowd with a Solid Action Plan:

answer

and make it easy for them to do so equip them with a solid strategy plan. Give them handouts so as to make aware how they can practically support the cause. Make your action step as easy as possible, because most people are busy and/or lazy.

question

Speeches to Convince:

answer

You want your audience to agree with your way of thinking. You aren't asking listeners to "do" anything. This approach is especially good when your listeners initially disagree with your position and you realize that moving them to action is unlikely.

question

Speeches to Actuate:

answer

You want your audience to take action.

question

Your Position Statement is:

answer

your thesis & is either a statement of value, fact, or policy.

question

Statement of Value :

answer

"Something is or is not good." This is personal opinion. Example: "It is IMMORAL to use animals for medical research."

question

Statement of Fact :

answer

"Something is or is not true." This is less personal opinion and can be backed up by credible research. Example: "Nuclear power plants are a SAFE energy source."

question

Statement of Policy:

answer

"Something should or should not be done." Example: "Drugs should be legalized."

question

Opinion Continuum:

answer

Everybody falls into one of the seven categories when confronted with a controversial topic: Hostile / Opposed / Mildly Opposed / No Opinion / Mildly in Favor / In Favor / Highly in Favor

question

TRUE:

answer

If you project that most of your audience is in favor of your topic, than recommend a specific course of action. There is no need to spend valuable speech time to convince an audience of something they already believe

question

There are three reasons an audience may have no opinion about a topic:

answer

uninformed, neutral, apathetic

question

Uninformed:

answer

The speaker should inform them.

question

Neutral:

answer

The speaker should give good arguments and credible sources

question

Apathetic:

answer

The speaker needs to motivate them

question

Slightly opposed:

answer

Speaker should approach directly by presenting good reasons and evidence.

question

Hostile:

answer

Speaker should seek a slight change in attitude, attempting to get them to understand the speaker's point of view.

question

When writing a persuasive speech, one should:

answer

find evidence for both sides of the topic, think about audience concerns and address them

question

What are the 5 types of organizational patterns:

answer

Problem-Solution, Direct Method, Comparative Advantage, Negative Method, and Monroe's Motivated Sequence.

question

Problem-Solution;

answer

Most commonly used persuasive speech pattern. The first part of the speech is spent explaining the problem to the audience, while the second half is devoted to offering a solution.

question

Direct Method:

answer

Make a claim then directly state your reasons to support it. In this method, the speaker should begin with the least important reason and end with the most important.

question

Direct Method:

answer

It is a good pattern to use when listeners are apathetic or neutral, mildly favoring, or mildly opposing the claim. Often it is used when the major persuasive purpose is to convince, though it can also be used to organize a speech to actuate.

question

Comparative Advantages Pattern:

answer

Shows that one proposal is superior to competing proposals by comparing its advantages to those of the competition.

question

Negative Method Pattern: solution remaining.

answer

Concentrates on the shortcomings of every other proposal; then you show why your proposal is the one logical

question

Monroe's Motivated Sequence:

answer

Modified form of a problem-solution speech. In order to move people to act, it is necessary to motivate them to do what they know they should do. Because of this, it is important to provide emotional reasons as well as logical ones.

question

Monroe's Motivated Sequence requires the steps of:

answer

attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

question

Developed and refined a pattern that is commonly used in persuasive speaking, especially in speeches with the purpose of actuating behavior:

answer

Alan Monroe, a professor at Purdue University

question

Attention Step:

answer

At the outset of the speech, as in any speech, you must gain the audience's attention and draw it to the speech topic.

question

Need Step:

answer

Requires 4 things-Statement; Illustration; Ramifications; Pointing

question

Satisfaction Step:

answer

propose a solution that will satisfy the need you have created by stating the attitude, belief, or action you want the audience to adopt; explaining your proposal; showing the logical connection between the need and your solution, using facts, figures, and testimony to show that the proposal has worked effectively or that the belief has been proved correct & by meeting objections.

question

Visualization Step:

answer

Most unique addition of any persuasive pattern & only included in the Monroe sequence where the audience imagines what will happen if they enact the proposal or if they fail to do so using positive, negative and contrasting examples.

question

Positive:

answer

Describe future conditions when the plan is put into action by putting audience into a realistic scenario enjoying what your solution has provide, thereby appealing to pathos.

question

Pathos:

answer

basic aspect of speech which appeals to safety needs, pride, pleasure and other emotions

question

Negative:

answer

Have the listeners imagine themselves in an unpleasant situation because they did not put the solution into effect.

question

Contrast:

answer

Compare the negative results of not enacting the plan with the positive results the plan will produce.

question

Action Step:

answer

Final step of Monroe Sequence stating your personal intent to act call for the listeners to act in a specific way, calling for an overt action, attitude or belief & ending with an impact.

question

An introduction should:

answer

gain the attention of your audience within the critical first two minutes.

question

In an introduction,

answer

you should avoid opening any presentation with: "Good morning or afternoon or evening" or a sentence such as "It's a pleasure to be here."

question

In an introduction you SHOULD:

answer

start out with the unexpected. Open your talk with an unusual or funny quotation, an amusing story, or a fascinating statistic.

question

A conclusion should:

answer

tie in your introductory comments, leave your audience with a closing thought that either calls them to action or inspires them to do something.

question

A conclusion should NOT:

answer

end with "Thank you" or "That's all."

question

In a speech, you build credibility by:

answer

Telling the truth, keeping information (especially stats) in perspective, resisting personal attacks & citing sources.

question

Visual aids & note cards should:

answer

enhance a speech & be a key word outline.

question

Visual aids & note cards should NOT:

answer

be distracting or a script.

question

When preparing for any type of speech, except impromptu, one should:

answer

rehearse, rehearse, rehearse!

question

Rehearsal techniques include:

answer

in front of a mirror, a live audience, &/or in front of a video camera.

question

The day of your speech is not the day to start rehearsing:

answer

True

question

Impromptu Speaking requires the following steps:

answer

Define the purpose and objectives of your speech, remaining calm and cool in order to formulate your talk, keeping your goal clearly in focus, deciding your starting and finishing points, stating the reason why you are speaking on the subject, opening strongly, choosing an example, illustration, experience or example & conclude.

question

Why, in an impromptu speech, would you choose a Specific Illustration, Experience or Example:

answer

will give you courage and confidence, & help you to be clear, convincing and believable.

question

When you tell of a specific event, example or experience, the following things should be covered:

answer

when, why, where & how it happened, what what the caused & who was involved.

question

A proper & strong conclusion to any speech includes:

answer

Summarise by stating or restating your overall speech purpose , your main point or beliefs.

question

Should you apologize when you make an error during a speech:

answer

No

question

What is the "PREP" system?

answer

P >Point, R >Reason, E >Example/Experience &P >Point - "In summary my point is ......."

question

Purpose of an impromptu speech:

answer

To develop the skills necessary to quickly provide a responsive statement to a variety of everyday words, phrases and topics.

question

What is a Debate:

answer

A formal, oral contest between two individuals or teams who present arguments to support opposing sides of a question. They follow a set of rules so that participants can state their positions and attack their opponents' views in a fair and orderly manner.

question

How Are Debates Used?

answer

Forensic, legislative & political:

question

Forensic debates:

answer

Formal debates are held in schools or university debating societies as exercises to sharpen thinking and speaking skills and to examine issues.

question

Legislative debates:

answer

The House of Representatives and the Senate debate a bill by allotting fair procedures and equal time for arguments for and against the bill.

question

The English House of Commons was the model for:

answer

the process of Legislative Debates

question

The Lincoln-Douglas debates for the Senate seat in Illinois in 1858:

answer

gave the first speaker 60 minutes, the second 90 minutes, and the first speaker 30 minutes at the end. They were festive occasions in the open air, with thousands in the audience

question

The first televised Presidential debates:

answer

1960

question

What occurred in the 1960 debate:

answer

Thin margin of victory for John F. Kennedy in a very close election over Nixon.

question

How many years passed between the first televised debate and the next one?

answer

16 years

question

Televised debates resumed in:

answer

the Ford-Carter election in 1976. Since then, debates have been a permanent and very important feature of presidential elections.

question

Appeal to Emotion:

answer

Summons fear, anger or pity to secure listener support.

question

Appeal to Emotion :

answer

"If we don't fight crime my way, your child won't feel safe walking the streets."

question

Bandwagon:

answer

Encourages the listener to do something because it's the popular thing to do.

question

Bandwagon:

answer

"More and more of us want new blood in Washington, and we're voting for Jones."

question

Card Stacking:

answer

Presents the evidence in a partial or slanted way.

question

Card Stacking:

answer

"The average income is rising" - technically correct, but only the top 10% incomes are up.

question

False Cause:

answer

Insists that one event caused the other just because it came first.

question

False Cause:

answer

"As soon as Jones was elected, savings banks began to fail."

question

False Dilemma:

answer

Poses only two choices when there are a variety of possibilities.

question

False Dilemma:

answer

"Choose Smith and you'll get inflation; choose Jones and the budget will be balanced."

question

Glittering Generalities:

answer

Says little specifically, but conveys emotion.

question

Glittering Generalities:

answer

"John Jones has made this nation a better place."

question

Hasty Generalization:

answer

Bases a conclusion on insufficient evidence.

question

Hasty Generalization:

answer

"Dropping out of school must be a problem because I saw an article about it."

question

Name Calling:

answer

Uses negative labels to stigmatize opponents.

question

Name Calling:

answer

"My opponent is a card-carrying liberal."

question

Slippery Slope:

answer

Claims that an event will lead to an uncontrollable chain reaction.

question

Slippery Slope:

answer

"First they outlaw machine guns, and then they'll take your hunting rifles."

question

Testimonial:

answer

Convinces only through the endorsement of a respected personality.

question

Testimonial:

answer

"If he's okay with General Colin Powell, then he's okay with me."

question

ethos:

answer

basic aspect of speech which appeals to ethics, morals

question

logos:

answer

basic aspect of speech which appeals to logic, thought

question

Three basic aspects of public speaking with which you must use with your audience appealing to their emotions, referring to morals, and speaking logically:

answer

Ethos, Pathos, Logos

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