question

The increase in ___during middle childhood allows children to enter the give and take conversation successfully

answer

mentalinguistic awareness

question

Tahir got up from his nap and said to his babysitter, Mommy gone? example of

answer

telegraphic speech

question

Preschool children build their vocabularies at a rapid rate that requires that after the briefest encounter they can associate the word and its meaning

answer

fast mapping

question

At Neeti's first birthday party she had a cup of ice cream. Upon finishing, she walked up to her grandmother, who had served her, and asserted "more!"

answer

holophrase

question

A researcher showed a picture of a cartoon-like birth called a "wug". She then showed them a picture with two of them. She asked them to supply the missing world in the following sentence. "Now there are two___"

answer

wugs

question

Mariah tells her friend that she is really proud of her daughter because her language is so advanced. She says this because they reward her with praise and attention when she speaks in grammatically correct sentences. Mariah has a ___ approach to language development

answer

learning theory

question

As Corey entered the large playroom at a school he repeated over and over "There are lots of toys here" as if he were reassuring himself as he encountered this new environment. Talking to himself, Corey is demonstrating

answer

private speech

question

Compared to students who speak one language, bilingual students

answer

have lower metnalinguistic awareness

question

Compared to American mothers, Japanese mothers encourage

answer

a more expensive style of speech

question

Longitudinal research on economic standing and language development found a positive correlation between affluence and time interacting with children. this means

answer

the more affluence the more time parents talked with their children

question

Three month old Lionel loved to suck his fingers. He was quite fond of putting his fingers into his mouth and then pulling them out only to look them over for a minute or two before putting them back into his mouth. He repeated this behavior over and over. Lionel's behavior with his fingers illustrates

answer

primary circular reaction

question

Piaget's stage theory is composed to a series of four universal stages that occur in a fixed order from birth through adolescence and are in chronological order

answer

sensorimotor, preoperational,, concrete operational, formal operational

question

According to Piaget, ____ is the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking

answer

assimilation

question

According to Piaget, it is not adolescence until are around ____ years old that they are fully settled in the formal operational stage

answer

15

question

Behvaior in which several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem

answer

goal-directed behavior

question

Thinking that reflects preschooler's use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world is called

answer

intuitive thought

question

According to Bailagreon, infants have at least some understanding of object permanence as early as

answer

3 months

question

Three year old Dempsey insists that when his brother puts on his werewolf consume he actually becomes a werewolf. He is focusing on only one specific superficial aspect--the costume

answer

centration

question

During the pre operational stage, children's use of ___thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases

answer

symbolic

question

at the heart of one of the major advances that occurs in the pre operational period: the increasingly sophisticated use of language

answer

concrete function

question

The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects is known as

answer

conservation

question

James accidentally got his hands on a knife. When James's mother took the knife and put it where he could not reach or see it, James howled and kept trying to reach for the knife. according to piaget

answer

object permanence

question

Six year old Roman is an expert bike rider. he loves to share his expertise with anyone who will listen to him. Roman's favorite line is "if you wanna go really really speedy fast you have to push real hard on the pedals"

answer

intuitive thought

question

During a visit to the dentist, 2 year old Arya saw a mural with a mermaid on it. She said "Hey, mom why is that fish woman swimming in water?" Beginning process of

answer

accommodation

question

Primary circular reactions are activities that focus on ____while secondary reactions involve actions relating to ___

answer

the infants own body; the world outside

question

According to Bailargeon, Paiget's method of measuring object permanence relied too heavily on infants'

answer

number concept skills

question

One critique of Piaget's work is that it is not generalizable to other populations besides the one he studied. His work seems to best describe children from

answer

Western countries

question

According to Piaget, the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account is called

answer

decentering

question

Seven-year-old Adriana ran in from school and shouted "Hey mom did you know that 2+3 is the same as 3+2"

answer

reversibility

question

Most studies show that only ___ of college students and adults achieve formal operational thinking completely

answer

40-60%

question

According to Piaget's theory, children's understanding grows through two main processes: ___ in which the child places a new stimulus or experience within the context of the way he or she currently thinks; and ______ in which the child changes his or her way of thinking to include the new stimulus or experience

answer

accommodation, assimilation

question

Joseph was talking to his grandmother on the phone telling her than he no longer slept in a crib, He then proceeded to hold the phone over to the bed and said "see grammie, i have anew big boy bed!"

answer

egocentrism

question

The first stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development begins with reflect action and end with mental representations. First stage is

answer

sensorimotor stage

question

Piaget's cognitive theory stresses the ___changes that occur in each stage

answer

qualitative

question

During the formal operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory, the adolescent will start with a general theory about what produces a particular outcome and then deduce explanations for specific situations in which he or she sees that particular outcome. ___reasoning

answer

hypotheticodeductive

question

Mishka was able to construct a model car with the help of his dad. His dad helped him to organize the pieces of the model and then showed him how to connect the first to pieces. Soon Mishka was working more an more independently. This process is an example of Vygotsky's concept of

answer

scaffolding

question

Children are more capable at an earlier age than Piaget's account would lead us to believe. Piaget underestimated children's cognitive abilities because he

answer

tended to concentrate on children's deficiencies instead of the impotencies

question

According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully comprehend or perform a task on his or her own is known as the

answer

zone of proximal development

question

Daniel understand the difference between rows of two and three toy animals, regardless of the animal's spacing. This suggests that Daniel knows how to count. Further, contrary to Piaget, Daniel knows about

answer

convservation

question

____new cognitive abilities lead them to become more argumentative than they were at earlier stages of cognitive development

answer

Adolescents

question

Two-year-old Luis does a great imitation of a train engineer. Luis plays for hours with his toy train set. Luis's train sounds are so realistic that sometimes his parents think that there is a real train going by their house. According to Piaget, Luis's ability to use a toy train set to represent a real train illustrates that he is capable of

answer

symbolic function

question

Behavior in which several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem is called

answer

goal-directed behavior

question

The process in which one state is changed into another is called

answer

transformation

question

Seven-year-old Adriana ran in from school and shouted, "Hey, Mom did you know that 2+3 is the same as 3+2?" Adriana is demonstrating

answer

reversibility

question

Ms. Alaniz is an art teacher. She often has children draw objects that change from one state to another. For instance, she will hold up a pencil and let it drop to the floor. The children are to draw what they saw. She finds that the kindergartners draw only two scenes, the pencil in an upright position and the pencil lying on the floor. This example illustrates that kindergartners lack

answer

transformation

question

According to Vygotsky, education should focus on activities

answer

that involve interaction with others

question

With the attainment of the cognitive skill of ___________, children are able to imitate people and scenes they have witnessed in the past.

answer

deferred imitation

question

One critique of Piaget's work is that it is not generalizable to other populations besides the one he studied. His work seems to best describe children from

answer

Western countries

question

Adolescents' increased __________ abilities may lead them to question their parents and other authority figures far more strenuously, and may make adolescents impatient with imperfections in institutions such as schools and the government.

answer

abstract reasoning

question

According to Piaget, ___________ is the notion that processes that transform a stimulus can be reversed, returning the stimulus to its original form

answer

reversibility

question

The ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account is called

answer

decentering

question

Nicholas was a breastfed baby. However, when he was 3 weeks old, his mother introduced him to a bottle. Nicholas quickly learned to modify his ___________ scheme to the different sucking patterns required by the bottle

answer

reflex

question

James accidentally got his hands on a knife. When James's mother took the knife and put it where he could no long reach or see it, James howled and kept trying to reach for the knife that had disappeared. According to Piaget, James's behavior is an example of

answer

object permanence

question

According to Baillargeon, infants have at least some understanding of object permanence as early as

answer

3 months old

question

According to Piaget, it is not until adolescents are around ___________ years old that they are fully settled in the formal operational stage

answer

15

question

According to Piaget, a key aspect of preoperational thought is ___________, the ability to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present

answer

symbolic function

question

Behavior in which several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem is called

answer

goal-directed behavior

question

Eighteen-month-old Lawrence's favorite pastime is to roll balls around the house. He particularly likes to roll balls under the furniture and run to where he thinks they might emerge. This is an example of a

answer

mental representation

question

Eighteen-month-old Joshua received a train set from his visiting grandmother. Joshua's grandmother set it up and demonstrated how to drive the train on the track while saying "chugga, chugga, choo, choo." Later that day, Joshua picked up a train piece and imitated the "chugga, chugga, choo, choo" sounds. Joshua's behavior places him in the ___________ sub stage of the sensorimotor stage

answer

beginnings of thought

question

Recent research by Gelman has shown that children as young as ______ can easily tell the difference between rows of two and three animals, regardless of the animals' spacing

answer

3 years of age

question

According to Piaget, the relation between language and thought is that language

answer

grows out of cognitive advances

question

Vygotsky's theory emphasized

answer

the role of culture

question

With training in conservation, researchers have found that

answer

children in non-Western cultures who do not conserve can readily learn to do so

question

Piaget's critics cast doubt on Piaget's view that infants are incapable of mastering the concept of ___________ until they are close to a year old.

answer

object permanence

question

According to Piaget, the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly is the

answer

formal operational stage

question

The preoperational stage lasts from

answer

2 years to 7 years

question

Three-week-old Alex will suck on anything that touches his lips whether it was his hand, his father's back, a cloth diaper, or a toy. This indiscriminate sucking is an example of a

answer

simple reflex

question

According to Piaget, ___________ is the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking

answer

assimilation

question

The first time 10-month-old Daniel tried to use a cup and a straw, he tipped the whole cup up like a bottle and got very wet. His mother quickly intervened and put the cup in an upright position. Soon, Daniel learned that you may tip up your bottle, but cups and straws must remain in an upright position. Daniel's modification to his drinking scheme is the result of a(n)

answer

accommodation

question

Acording to Baillargeon, Piaget's method of measuring object permanence relied too heavily on infants

answer

motor skills

question

According to Piaget, ___________ is an activity that permits the constructions of cognitive schemes through the repetition of a chance motor event.

answer

circular reaction

question

Piaget's views of the ways infants learn could be summed up in which of the following equations?

answer

action = knowledge

question

During her ninth grade science class, Maricella became interested in genetics for the first time because she was reading about dinosaurs in the book Jurassic Park. Therefore, for an English reading class, Maricella asked her teacher if she could write about what it would be like if someone genetically reproduced some kind of super-dinosaur by accident. Maricella wrote on this subject, which would have been too abstract for her just two years prior. According to Piaget, this shows that Maricella had reached the

answer

formal operational stage

question

Four-year-old Sarah was excitedly telling her best friend Dori about her visit to the dentist. In the middle of the conversation, Dori piped out with, "You know what, I'm going to have face painting at my birthday party." Dori's comment is an example of

answer

egocentrism

question

People who live in isolated, scientifically unsophisticated societies and who have little formal education are less likely to perform at the formal operational level than formally educated persons living in more technologically sophisticated societies. This is an example of ___________ influences on the formal operations of adolescents

answer

cultural

question

According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage, adolescents employ ___________, which is reasoning that uses abstract logic in the absence of concrete examples

answer

propositional thought

question

Six-year-old Roman is an expert bike rider. He loves to share his expertise with anyone who will listen to him. Roman's favorite line is "If you wanna go really, really, really speedy fast, you hafta push real hard on the pedals." Roman's understanding that the pedals on the bicycle in some way control the speed of the bicycle illustrates Vygotsky saw children as

answer

apprentices

question

Lionel's father is working with him to put together a puzzle. At first, 4-year-old Lionel says that he can't do the puzzle unless it has a board (showing an outline of the shapes of each piece) and it has really big pieces. However, his father tells him that he can do it. He starts by helping him to find all the pieces that go along the edge and then they construct a boarder together. Next, they sort the pieces into piles of similar color. This is an example of

answer

Scaffolding

question

Mrs. Lopez is teaching her students to read by asking them to make guesses about the meaning of words based on the context in which they appear. This is called the

answer

whole-language approach

question

Chantal is most likely to disidentify with which subject?

answer

Math

question

When comparing U.S. and Japanese students on mathematical ability, it was found that

answer

the best students from the U.S. scored lower than the worst Japanese students

question

When it comes to ADHD

answer

only a trained clinician can make an accurate diagnosis

question

Even though Monique had not crocheted since she was in middle school and thought she had forgotten how to do it, she was able to pick up the hobby again with no trouble when she was in graduate school. Her crocheting skills were part of her

answer

implicit memory

question

One critique of the information processing approach is that

answer

it focuses too much on individual cognitive processes

question

Trista's memory of playing on the playground 20 years ago with her best friend is stored in her

answer

long-term memory

question

Now that Luanne can think about what her classmates are thinking, she is very self-conscious about what she wears to school. In fact, she has developed what is called __________, fictitious observers who pay as much attention to her as she does to herself

answer

an imaginary audience

question

Jill took physics in room 101 of Science Hall. According to the __________ she will do best on her physics final if she takes it in that same room

answer

encoding specificity phenomenon

question

The process by which information is recorded, stored, and retrieved is called

answer

memory

question

Dominating adolescent thinking is ___________, a state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one's own point of view

answer

adolescent egocentrism

question

Josh is a 17-year-old teenager who is known by his classmates as "the daredevil." Josh takes extreme risks that often threaten himself and others, but he feels invulnerable to those risks. This is due to Josh's ______________ in which he paints himself as a careful person that is always in control

answer

personal fable

question

Sixteen-month-old Jessica participated in a study in which a researcher first showed her a Mickey Mouse statuette. A screen was then raised, hiding the statuette. Next, the researcher showed her a second, identical Mickey Mouse, then placed it behind the same screen. If she was in the experimental condition showing her the "incorrect addition" in which the screen dropped to reveal only one statuette, compared to infants in the "correct addition" condition, she would most likely

answer

look longer at it

question

Bridget is learning French and her teacher tells her that the word for red is rouge. She tells Bridget that she should try to imagine her mother putting on that red powder makeup on her cheeks called rouge to remember that rouge means red. This method is called

answer

the control strategy

question

Miss Hausler is teaching her first-graders to read. She believes that reading should be meaningful from the very beginning of reading instruction, so she teaches her students not to try to sound out every word but to look for cues in the text, pictures, and story language for ideas about the unknown word as they work their way through an entire piece of text. This method of reading instruction is known as the ___________ approach.

answer

whole language

question

In ___________approaches to reading, reading should be taught by presenting the basic skills that underlie reading. This approach emphasizes the components of reading, such as the sounds of letters and their combinations-phonics-and how letters and sounds are combined to make words.

answer

code-based

question

Marsha is always complaining that her parents and teachers cannot relate to her and consistently points out faults in others, especially those in authority positions. Marsha is likely dealing with

answer

adolescent egocentrism

question

When women and other minority groups can be convinced that stereotypes such as "girls are not as good at math as boys are" are invalid, their performance tends to

answer

improve

question

When women take classes in _____________they are more likely to do poorly than are men who enter college with the same level of preparation and identical SAT scores

answer

math, science and engineering

question

According to the information processing perspective, changes in adolescents' cognitive abilities are seen as evidence of ___________ in the capacity to take in, use, and store information

answer

gradual transformations

question

_________ helps move NMDA receptors to specific locations in the brain where cell connections are strengthened or weakened to change memory circuits.

answer

Palmitate

question

Another name for short-term memory is

answer

working memory

question

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder occurs in ___________ of the school-age population.

answer

3% to 5%

question

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-(ADHD)-is marked by attention, impulsiveness, and a high tolerance for frustration

answer

inattention, impulsiveness, and a low tolerance for frustration

question

In ___________ approaches to reading, reading is viewed as a natural process, similar to the acquisition of oral language. Proponents of this approach believe that children should read complete writings-sentences, stories, poems, lists, charts, and other examples of actual uses of writing

answer

whole language

question

Based on Steele's research, ___________ is least vulnerable to stereotypes about academic success.

answer

Mark, a Caucasian male

question

Mary sits in the very back of her high school classroom behind the largest boy in her class, but every time she looks up, she feels like the teacher is focusing everything on her no matter how hard she tries to draw attention away from herself. She constantly constructs elaborate scenarios about what her teacher thinks of her. Mary is dealing with

answer

the imaginary audience

question

According to the information-processing approach, ___________ is the degree to which an activity requires attention

answer

automatization

question

Ricardo is a 16-year-old who recently survived a terrible car wreck with his father, who also survived. However, Ricardo was badly injured with a small but deep cut in his cheek that he had to have stitches in. Because of this, he does not want to go to play in the district golf match he has worked hard for all year because he is worried everyone will be looking at his injury. Ricardo's emphasis on imagining what others would be thinking about his face and stitches is an example of his

answer

imaginary audience

question

Arturo does not have a piece of paper or a pen to write down his friend's telephone number, so he repeats the number over and over until he is able to get to the telephone and dial his friend's number. This is an example of

answer

rehearsal

question

The knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their cognition is called

answer

metacognition

question

Christy and Natalie are best friends, but when Natalie bought a blouse that looked just like one Christy already had, Christy became angry with Natalie, especially when Natalie wore her blouse to school. Christy behaved this way because she had

answer

adolescent egocentrism.

question

Twelve-month-old Loreto points to a motorcycle and says, "bike!" This shows that he has a ________ for objects that have two wheels

answer

concept

question

Sixteen-year-old Amber has just completed a drivers' education course. She often comments to friends that at first driving required her undivided attention, but with a little practice she often finds that she has driven home without being aware of stopping for traffic lights or stop signs. According to the information- processing approach, driving has become ___________ for Amber.

answer

automatic

question

Tonja is a sexually active teenager who thinks that there is no need to use a condom during sex because in her ___________ she constructs pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS as only happening to someone else, not herself

answer

personal fable

question

LaToya, a first-grader, is learning to read. In class her teacher points to the letter "c" on a visual chart and makes the sound of "c." She then points to the letter "a" and makes its sound. Lastly, she points to the letter "t" and makes its sound. As a class they all say the sounds in the sequence "C" "A" "T." Lastly, the students shout that it spells "cat." This method of reading instruction is known as the ___________ approach

answer

code-based

question

Joseph remembered the Spanish word for duck, pato (prounounced paht-o), by using an image of a duck taking a bath in a pot. This is an example of

answer

the key word method.

question

According to the information-processing approach, ___________ is the process by which material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used.

answer

retrieval

question

Memory that is recalled unconsciously is called ___________ memory

answer

implicit

question

Remembering how to ride a bike is an example of ___________ memory.

answer

implicit

question

For women, disidentification is specific to math and science; for _____________, it is more generalized across academic areas.

answer

African Americans

question

The ability to refrain from acting _____________ throughout childhood.

answer

develops relatively slowly

question

Adolescents develop ___________, the view that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else.

answer

personal fables

question

Research comparing memory for a particular instance of a scripted event compared to those that are unscripted in memory has shown that scripted events are

answer

recalled with less accuracy

question

_________ is (are) the ability to allocate attentional resources on the basis of goals that one wishes to achieve.

answer

Planning

question

The combining of words and phrases to form sentences is known as

answer

syntax

question

Preschoolers are correct in their use of grammar ___________ of the time.

answer

90%

question

The systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication, is known as

answer

language

question

As a toddler, Michael had an impressive vocabulary consisting of words like mom, dad, dog, car, bike, chair, table, and so on. Michael's style of language use is called the ___________ style

answer

referential

question

Cross-cultural research shows that

answer

pitch falls when a mother is trying to calm an infant.

question

Simone is a typical 6-year-old. Her vocabulary should be around ___________ words

answer

14,000

question

Which of the following is true regarding infant-directed speech?

answer

It is characterized by a high pitch

question

Thirteen-month-old Clara uses the word "babydoll" to refer to only her doll, and not to other dolls. Clara is making a(n) ___________ error.

answer

underextension

question

Vygotsky suggested that ___________ speech is used as a guide to behavior and thought.

answer

private

question

When compared to boys, girls hear twice as many _____ by the time they are 32 months old.

answer

diminuitives

question

According to ___________, advances in the sophistication of thinking permit language development.

answer

Piaget

question

The word "dogs" has ____________ morpheme(s)

answer

two

question

Characterized as the smallest language units that have meaning, some ___________ are complete words, whereas others add information necessary for interpreting a word, such as the endings "-s" for plural and "-ed" for past tense

answer

morphemes

question

According to Vygotsky, by the age of 2 years

answer

language and thought become interdependent.

question

Luigi is a 10-month-old who is not deaf. However, his mother is deaf and she communicated with him in sign language since he was born. His father, who is not deaf, communicated with Luigi with both sound and sign language. Based on research, we would expect that

answer

Luigi will babble silently using his hands

question

Essence, a preschooler, is being raised by her single mother and receives welfare assistance. In contrast, Kelsey, also in preschool, is from a high socioeconomic status home including her father, a bank manager, and her mother, an insurance salesperson. Based on observational research by Hart and Risley, which of the following would you be more likely to hear Essence's mother say?

answer

Stop that right now

question

Infant-directed speech

answer

is characterized by short, simple sentences

question

Raquel speaks both Spanish and English fluently. The ability to use more than one language is known as

answer

bilingualism

question

______________________ are the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences.

answer

Semantics

question

___________ launched a trial-and-error process in which items and tasks were administered to students who had previously been identified by teachers as being either "bright" or "dull." Tasks that discriminated between these two groups were retained for the test

answer

Binet

question

An IQ score of _________ would be considered average

answer

100

question

Which of the following measures mental and motor abilities in infants?

answer

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

question

Marc has been appropriately classified as having an intellectual disability. Assuming he is like the vast majority (approximately 90%) of those with intellectual disabilities, one would conclude that he

answer

has deficits that are relatively minor

question

Psychologist Daniel Goleman has advocated teaching emotional literacy in schools to promote self-awareness, self-regulation, and social skills. This program is referred to as

answer

emotional intelligence.

question

Today, take-at-home IQ tests are now on the market. These tests are designed to provide an IQ score for

answer

children as young as 6 months.

question

Which of the following is true?

answer

Gifted students who begin considerably earlier than their age-mates do as well as or better academically than those who begin at the traditional age

question

Rory took the WISC-IV four times over the course of six years at his elementary school, and each time his score was the same. Based on this information, the WISC-IV would be considered a ___________ test.

answer

reliable

question

Dr. Lopez measured how quickly a sample of 200 babies lost interest in stimuli that they had previously seen. Consistent with other research using the information-processing perspective, he should find that these scores correlate ________ with later measures of intelligence.

answer

moderately well

question

Wechsler's Intelligence Scale for Children consists of the following two subscales:

answer

performance and verbal skills.

PSY 335– Questions – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards