Communications Test 2 – Flashcards
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identifying the goal or goals you have for your speech
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What is the step to preparing an effective speech?
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To inform
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Peyton is responsible for training new employees at the restaurant where she works. She must let them know the correct greeting for customers, where to find the specials for each day, and how to ensure repeat business. What is Peyton's goal during these training sessions?
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persuade
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When we speak to __________________, we are appealing to our listeners to think or act in a certain way.
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commemoration
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On the fifth anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, President George W. Bush gave a speech of ____________________ in which he honored the memory of victims and rescue workers who lost their lives.
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brainstorming
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Which of the following strategies encourages you to identify as many ideas as possible without stopping to evaluate them?
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What are the topics in the news?
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f you read Time magazine or log onto a website such as www.cnn.com, you are answering what question for brainstorming?
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"What do I already know about this topic?"
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When choosing a topic, which question will allow you to speak most readily with credibility and confidence?
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audience
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To give an effective speech, you need to select a topic that is right not only for yourself but also your
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occasion
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To give an effective speech, you need a topic that is right for the _______________, meaning that it is appropriate for the situation.
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audience analysis
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Good public speakers engage in ______________, which means thinking carefully about the characteristics of their listeners so they can address them in the most effective way.
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demographic
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Carrie is giving a speech to her political science class. To make her topic interesting and engaging to her audience, Carrie looks at her audience's ____________ characteristics, such as sex and sexual orientation, culture, and political orientation.
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Culturally
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_________ sensitive speakers recognize that many minorities have histories of social, economic, or political oppression.
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economic status
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When considering the demographic of ___________________, you can evaluate whether you think a less wealthy audience might be more liberal and more open to new ways of thinking.
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mental capabilities
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You should always evaluate the ___________ of your audience, as some members may face cognitive limitations or learning disabilities.
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political orientation
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During the 2000 U.S. presidential election, journalist Tim Russert devised the method of dividing the country into "red states" (primarily Republican) and "blue states" (primarily Democrat), which represents differences in the states' _________________.
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purpose
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To maximize your effectiveness as a speaker, consider the ___________ of your speech, which reflects why your audience will come together to hear you.
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larger
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When considering your audience's size, in general it is important to remember that the ____________ the group, the more formally structured your presentation should be.
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prior knowledge
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If you analyze your audience's __________________, you can avoid talking down to your audience and talking over their heads.
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personal opinions
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Which of the following is NOT a potential source of objective supporting material?
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internet search
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Because it would be nearly impossible to read and evaluate the thousands of potential sources it can produce, you might find which of the following research techniques to yield too much information on your topic?
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research search engine
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Rhiannon is doing research for her speech on whaling. When using a search engine such as Yahoo, Rhiannon becomes frustrated, as all she can seem to pull up are websites without research or credibility. Upon her professor's suggestion, she tries a ______________ at scholar.google.com, and suddenly, she can easily find published journal and periodical articles on her topic.
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library research
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Which of the following allows you to explore a variety of resources and offers the assistance of trained professionals who can help you navigate all of the available assets?
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periodicals
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What is another term for materials that are published on a regular basis, such as magazines, newspapers, and scientific journals?
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database
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Rafe is doing research for his informative speech and has not been happy with the quality of information he's been finding on online search engines. He goes to his university library, where he searches PsycInfo, a _________________ focused on the discipline of psychology.
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personal observation
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When using ___________________ as supporting material, it is vital to remember that your study may not accurately reflect the behaviors of the population at large.
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identify your topic and general goal
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What is the first step in crafting a purpose statement?
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be informative
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Which of the following is NOT a guideline for crafting a strong purpose statement?
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thesis
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With a strong ________________ statement, you'll find it much easier to construct the rest of your speech because you'll know exactly what you want to say to your audience.
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organization
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Even if you have a fascinating topic and a compelling thesis statement, listeners will quickly lose interest if your presentation lacks coherence and
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Drunk driving is a serious problem in our country. I will share some stories with you today, some statistics, and some ways we can all work on this issue.
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Len is giving a persuasive speech on drunk driving. He knows that he must generate interest in the topic during his introduction, so he wants to have an effect with his opening statement. Which of the following opening statements would be the LEAST effective for Len's speech?
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state your thesis
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Which of the following is NOT a way to generate interest in a topic?
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a preview
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"Today, I'd like to share with you the top three islands to visit in Hawaii. First, we'll start off on the Big Island. Then, we'll move on to Maui. We'll end our tour on the island of Oahu". This is an example of which of the following?
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related
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Main points should be _________ because you don't want any of your points to seem out of place.
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cause and effect
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If your main points are: (1) reasons there is global warming (2) the effects of global warming, then you are using which pattern of organization?
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reinforce the central message
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Good speakers often _____________ by reiterating the thesis statement and summarizing the main points of the speech.
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memorable moment
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A ___________ is something your listeners will remember about your speech even if they no longer recall all of your specific points.
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transitions
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Good public speakers use what to link the different sections of a speech?
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outline
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When a speaker is building a speech, which of the following reflects the speech's design and helps the speaker decide what materials will be needed?
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two
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According to the rule of division, in an outline, if you divide a point into subpoints, you must create at least ________ subpoints.
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parallel wording
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These three main points follow what rule of outlining? (1) The 2010 World Cup was held in South Africa. (2) The 2010 World Cup was sponsored by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association. (3) The 2010 World Cup was more highly attended than the 2006 World Cup in Germany.
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delivery notes
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Which of the following would NOT be found in a formal outline?
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Bibliography
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Your formal outline should include a list of the sources you used in preparing your speech. That list is otherwise known as what?
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speaking notes
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Jean-Paul is ready to begin practicing his speech for his literature class. He finds that that the formal outline he wrote to submit is too long and detailed to help him remember his speech. What might he decide to convert his outline into, to aid in his delivery by reminding him of his points and subpoints?
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Every child should be required to learn a second language.
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Which of the following is an opinion?
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credibility
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Information has ___________ if it is believable and trustworthy.
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According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, 27 percent of high school students have smoked in the last 30 days.
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Which of the following statements has the MOST credibility?
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they are subjective
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Elton is preparing a speech on health care reform in the United States. He plans to use Michael Moore's documentary Sicko and an editorial from the New York Times. What is the problem with Elton's sources?
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plagiarism
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Which of the following terms means knowingly using information from another source without giving proper credit to that source?
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verbal footnote
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Although it is acceptable to quote other people's words in your speech, it is essential you use a _________________.
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Using words from the Internet did not constitute plagiarism.
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Gillian is working on her speech and finds some great information on a website. She decides to use the information and doesn't worry about a verbal footnote, as she knows anyone can put anything on the Internet, so the information doesn't actually belong to anyone. Which of the following statements is NOT true about Gillian and her speech?
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informative
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Which of the following types of speech publicly addresses others to increase their knowledge, understanding, or skills?
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editorialism
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Which of the following is NOT a method used strictly to inform?
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denotative
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In an informative speech about serial killers, Roxanne says, "According to the dictionary, a serial killer is someone who murders a number of people over a period of time". Roxanne is defining the term by providing its ____________ meaning.
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antonyms
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Exciting, thrilling, and stimulating are _____________ for the word boring.
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compare-and-contrast
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In an informative speech, you can define a term by discussing similarities and differences between two or more definitions of a term. Which method would you be using?
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representation
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When you describe by _____________, you are helping your listeners to imagine the physical or emotional experiences they would have if they were to encounter what you are describing.
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explaining
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Which of the following terms means revealing why something occurred or how something works?
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objective
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You can avoid crossing the line from informative to persuasive speaking by keeping your remarks ______________, meaning based on facts rather than opinions.
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demonstrating
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When you are ____________ a process, it's important to describe each step as you do it.
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controversies
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Of the following topics, which is least likely to work well for an informative speech?
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places
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A speech about California during the Gold Rush of the 1800s would fall into what category of informative speaking?
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concepts
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Oppression and forgiveness are examples of ___________ because each is a notion or idea rather than a concrete object.
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process
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If you give an informative speech describing how a hurricane forms, you are giving what kind of speech?
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policy
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If a speaker is focusing his or informative speech on a(n) _________, the speaker will be examining a program that aims to guide decision-making or to achieve some goal.
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You won't have to do as much research.
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Which of the following is NOT a reason to relate yourself to your topic?
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vested interest in
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If listeners have a(n) _______________ your speech, they have an inherent motivation to pay attention.
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information hunger
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An informative speaker should create _____________ by sparking listeners' curiosity and giving them a reason to want the information he or she has.
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physical
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Teaching an audience how to do an exercise that is easy and beneficial is a way of appealing to which type of need?
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instrumental
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A speech explaining how to find coupons and deals online appeals to which type of need?
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organized
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t is important to be _____________ during a speech because most people process information best in a limited number of segments at a time.
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start with whats familiar
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Since many listeners feel uneasy when they are asked to learn a new skill or understand new information, it is a good idea to do which of the following?
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main points
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Individuals pay more attention to stimuli that are repeated than to those they encounter only once, so an effective informative speaker should repeat which of the following?
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involve your audience
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Because many of us learn better by doing rather than just seeing or listening, which of the following is useful to keep in mind when building a speech?
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polling the audience
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If you say, "Raise your hand if you've ever considered skydiving", you are using what method to involve the audience?
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propaganda
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Some speakers use informative speeches to disguise their attempts to persuade or coerce their listeners, meaning they are no longer simply informing, but are engaging in which of the following?
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persuasion
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We can think of _______________ as communicating in an attempt to motivate others to adopt a specific manner of thinking or doing
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beliefs
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Which term best describes our perceptions about what is true or false, accurate or inaccurate?
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opinion
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A(n) __________ is an evaluation about what's good and bad.
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Aristotle
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In his Treatise on Rhetoric, which Greek philosopher described three forms of rhetorical proof?
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Mythos
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Which of the following is NOT a rhetorical proof that can support persuasive messages?
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the audience
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Judgments about ethos belong to whom?
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emotions
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Appeals to positive _____________ are often most effective at persuading people to change their attitudes or opinions, whereas appeals to negative ones are frequently most effective at inducing behavioral change.
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reason
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To ________________ means to make judgments about the world based on evidence rather than emotion or intuition.
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inductive
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When a doctor listens to a patient's symptoms, analyzes blood tests, and then provides a diagnosis, the doctor has used ____________________ reasoning
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Fact
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When we ask people to believe some statement, we are asserting that statement is true, so we are using a proposition of what?
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value
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When a speaker asserts a proposition of __________, the persuasive goal isn't to make someone believe the speaker; rather, it is to make someone agree with him or her.
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policy
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If a speaker makes a claim about what we "should do", what type of proposition is he or she making?
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refutational approach
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If you organize your persuasive speech using a _________________, you present and then immediately refute the main points against the position you plan to advocate
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comparative advantage
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For which of the following does a speaker explain why his or her point of view is superior to others on the same topic?
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action
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Jacek's persuasive speech on increasing the minimum wage has been organized using Monroe's motivated sequence. At what stage would Jacek say, "I've prepared a handout with the name, e-mail address and telephone number of our state representative so you can contact her about voting in favor of a minimum wage increase"?
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fallacy
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A logical ______________ is a line of reasoning that, even if it makes sense, doesn't genuinely support a speaker's point.
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ad hominem
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A common but illogical way to counter arguments is to criticize the people who make them. This type of fallacy is called
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hasty generalization
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Which of the following is a broad claim that is based on insufficient evidence?
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Red herring
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Roger is giving a persuasive speech against school uniforms. One of his arguments is, "There are so many issues in our public schools today like violence and drugs, so why are we so focused on what kids are wearing"? What fallacy does Roger's speech contain?
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appeal to false authority
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If you say, "Actress Alicia Silverstone verifies that a vegetarian lifestyle is the healthiest way to live", you are using what type of fallacy?
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receptive
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The phrase "preaching to the choir" could be used to describe speaking to what type of audience?
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Acknowledge the listeners' negative feelings.
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What is the best strategy when dealing with a hostile audience?
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rapport
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To build __________ is to create the perception that your listeners see things similarly to the way you do.
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credibility
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If a speaker has a good deal of ____________, an audience will take his or her words seriously and be open to new ideas.
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Charisma
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When Barack Obama ran for the U.S. presidency in 2008, unprecedented crowds gathered to hear him speak. He was well known for slogans such as, "Yes, we can" and "Change we can believe in". When Obama rallied crowds with such statements, he was relying on which of the following to increase his credibility?
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Read
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Which of the following is NOT a basic style of delivery?
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Impromptu
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Iris is assigned to a small group to do some research on another culture. At the end of class, Iris is asked by the professor to give a quick report on her group's findings for the day. Iris is being asked to give what kind of speech?
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Extemporaneous
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Which type of speech is one that is carefully prepared to sound as though it is being delivered spontaneously?
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create an extensive outline
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Which of the following is NOT a way to prepare for an extemporaneous speech?
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conversational
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As an extemporaneous speaker, your goal is to communicate in what manner?
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scripted
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Which type of speech is given in situations when the exact wording of the speech is crucial or when the speech must fit within a predetermined time frame?
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scripted
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The State of the Union address is an annual report given by the president of the United States to Congress on the condition of the country and the president's legislative and policy plans for the upcoming year. Although by law the president has the option of sending a written report, most presidents, especially in the 20th and 21st centuries, have chosen to give a speech. The State of the Union address typically lasts for an hour, and the president must be very careful to deliver a well-planned message. What mode of delivery works best for this situation?
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scripted
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Which type of delivery style would work best if you are nervous about speaking?
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memorized
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Which type of speech is composed word-for-word and then delivered from memory?
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stage fright
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Which term best describes the anxiety or fear that is brought on by performing in front of an audience?
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stage fright
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Singer Barbra Streisand did not perform onstage for almost 30 years after a concert in 1967 where she forgot the words to a song. In 2005, she told journalist Diane Sawyer that the experience was "staggering" and led to her debilitating _______________ that didn't end until the 1990s.
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stressor
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Although public speaking does not threaten a person's physical, academic, or financial well-being, many people feel public speaking threatens their emotional well-being, so they therefore identify giving a speech as a
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anticipatory
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If someone is nervous while getting ready to give a speech, he or she is experiencing what kind of anxiety?
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Whether the speaker ate a good lunch
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Which of the following is NOT an influencing factor on public speaking anxiety?
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hormones
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During a speech, stress ___________ can reduce blood flow to the extremities, elevate blood sugar, and activate the immune system.
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standing
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Which of the following behaviors is generally NOT affected by stage fright
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verbal behavior
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Someone experiencing stage fright might increase his or her use of filler words such as "um" and "uh". In these cases, which of the following is being affected by anxiety?
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Understand that stage fright is not a normal response.
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Which of the following is NOT a way to deal with stage fright?
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visualizing
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A technique that often helps individuals perform well, even if they are experiencing stage fright, is __________________: developing a mental image of oneself giving a successful performance.
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stay positive
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It is important to _____________ when dealing with stage fright because if you don't, self-fulfilling prophecy can cause you to have a poor performance simply because you expect that you will.
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articulation
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Which of the following is NOT a visual element of delivery?
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articulation
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Which statement is most accurate about facial expressions during a speech?
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eye contact
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Avoiding ___________ during a speech is a response to fear that makes the speaker feel hidden and protected; having it can make the speaker feel vulnerable because it acknowledges that the audience is evaluating the speaker.
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posture
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When giving a speech, it's important to adopt a __________ that is relaxed but confident.
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movement
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A particularly good time to incorporate ________ into your delivery is during a transition in your speech because your change in position will correspond to a change in your remarks.
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gestures
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____________ are movements of the hands and arms that express meaning.
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They should be spontaneous, but looked planned.
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Which of the following is NOT an important factor when using gestures during a speech?
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appearance
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You want your clothing, accessories, and grooming to be appropriate for the audience and for the occasion on which you're speaking, so ____________ is an important aspect of delivery.
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vocabulary
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hich of the following is NOT a vocal element of effective delivery?
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rate
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Studies find that speaking at a faster __________ makes a speech more persuasive and more credible.
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volume
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Your vocal ___________ is the loudness or softness of your voice.
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volume
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The appropriate __________ for a speech depends on the size of the audience, the size of the room, and whether the speaker is using a microphone.
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pitch
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When speakers are nervous, their vocal _______________ becomes higher than normal.
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substantiation
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Which of the following is NOT a common articulation problem?
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addition
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If someone says "real-ah-tor" rather than "realtor", he or she has what articulation problem?
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transpose
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Children often __________ sounds when articulating, for example saying "pa-sghetti" rather than "spaghetti".
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fluency
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Which of the following refers to the relative smoothness of vocal delivery?
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stuttering
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Evan was stricken with ____________ early in life, and it has always inhibited his ability to communicate. He dreams of being a sportscaster one day, so he undergoes intensive speech therapy in the hope of improving the fluency of his speech.
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presentation aids
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Which of the following comprises anything that stimulates listeners' senses?
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learning
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Research shows that if you incorporate materials that involve your listeners' sense of sight, hearing, touch, or smell, their _________ will be improved.
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text
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_________ slides often take the form of bulleted lists of words or phrases that are relevant to the presenter's topic.
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video
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Which of the following would NOT appear on a graphic slide?
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chart
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A _______________ is a graphic display of numeric information.
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model
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Amanda is giving a speech on how the vocal cords work. Since her audience can't actually see their own vocal cords, she thinks a ____________, or representation of the vocal cords, would effectively assist the audience in understanding her topic.
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handouts
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Most ____________ are copies of written material that your listeners keep after your speech is over.
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remember your goal
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If your presentation aids overpower your speech instead of embellish it, you probably did not follow which guideline for effective aids?
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the number of speeches you have given
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Which of the following is NOT a factor when considering the context for presentation aids?
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strive for simplicity
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Trish loves using PowerPoint during presentations at work. She loves incorporating sound effects, fancy slide transitions, and moving graphics. However, she never seems to get good reviews on her speeches from her boss. Instead, he complains that he finds her PowerPoints to be distracting and that he has a hard time learning during her speeches. What guideline should Trish consider before preparing her next PowerPoint presentation?
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be ethical
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If you perceive that you must use a potentially harmful aid in your speech and you explicitly warn your audience at the start of your speech, and again before you introduce it, you are following what guideline for presentation aids?
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have a back up plan
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Before using any presentation aid, it is crucial to think through everything that might go wrong and to
