question

According to Fromkin's model of production, the speech error 'A singing sewer machine' occurs at the _______ stage of production.

answer

affix

question

The phenomenon in which we move the articulators in the vocal tract to the position needed for upcoming sounds is referred to as:

answer

anticipatory coarticulation

question

According to Levelt (1989), there are four major stages in language production. Which of the following is NOT one of these stages? articulating rephrasing conceptualizing formulating

answer

rephrasing

question

The method of inducing subject to produce errors such as 'barn door' after producing sequences such as 'bell dark' and 'bean deck', and 'darn bore' is known as the _________ technique.

answer

phonological bias

question

A speech error or slip of the tongue in which one speech segment disappears from its appropriate location and appears somewhere else is called a(n):

answer

shift

question

According to Fromkin's model of production, the speech error 'Stop beating your brick against a head wall' occurs at the _______ stage.

answer

content word

question

According to Freud, speech errors represent:

answer

unintended but revealing expression of repressed thoughts

question

In studies of speech errors, it has been found that elements that interact with one another tend to:

answer

preserve phonological rules of the language

question

A Freudian explanation of speech error is that:

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multiple speech plans occur simultaneously and plans compete for dominance

question

Which is NOT true of planning and production cycles of speech? Speakers pause more before producing yes/no questions. Speakers plan the next unit of speech while pausing. The ratio of speaking to pausing time is roughly the same for all speakers. Speakers pause more before producing low-frequency words.

answer

Speakers pause more before producing yes/no questions.

question

Krauss et al (1998) showed that _________ facilitated the retrieval of words from the lexicon.

answer

gestures

question

Motley's (1980) study of sexually themed slips of the tongue showed:

answer

that participants' ideas influence the kinds of speech errors they make

question

In the speech error 'It certainly run outs fast,' the final phoneme in 'outs'

answer

is /s/, which supports the notion that affix stage of production precedes the phonetic stage

question

Models that view speech production as a sequence of stages that occur one at a time are referred to as ________ models.

answer

serial

question

Studies of self-interruptions during speech have found that we tend to interrupt and correct ourselves:

answer

at the end of the word in which the error occurred

question

Dell's (1986) parallel model of language production differs from Fromkin's model in that Dell's model:

answer

assumes that different levels of processing are active at the same time

question

According to Fromkin's model, what is the correct order of stages of production?

answer

syntactic structure, intonation contour, content words, phonetic segment

question

The vocal cords or vocal folds are included in which system of production?

answer

laryngeal

question

Saying 'clarefully' (instead of 'carefully') is an example of a(n) _____________ error.

answer

addition

question

The lexical bias effect:

answer

refers to the fact that speech errors more commonly result in words than in nonwords

question

According to a study by Schacter et al (1991), which speakers tend to pause the most during lectures?

answer

humanists

question

When our utterance is contextually inappropriate, as opposed to an out-and-out error, we are most likely to use a(n):

answer

fresh start

question

An individual who is present during a conversation but not directly involved in a given conversational exchange is called a(n):

answer

bystander

question

Some studies have found that men interrupt women more than vice versa whereas other studies have found no gender differences in interruptions. In looking at patterns of studies, we find that such interruptions were more common when the studies were conducted

answer

in the 1970s as opposed to later studies

question

Which of the following is NOT a type of discourse? debate poetry recital award ceremony conversation

answer

poetry recital

question

Therapist responses to unsolicited comments include:

answer

responding to the unsolicited responder but steering the conversation back to the intended addressee allowing the unsolicited comment to open up a new conversational topic ignoring the intrusion

question

Reformulation in therapeutic discourse refers to:

answer

therapists transforming client discourse into a specific problem

question

An example given in the text is when a diner asks his companion, 'Could I use one of your forks?' when the waitress is within earshot. Although the statement is directly addressed to the dinner companion, it may also be seen as directed to a(n):

answer

over hearer

question

In conversation, typically:

answer

neither turn order nor turn length are decided ahead of time

question

Speakers are almost never interrupted when:

answer

they look away from participants

question

Fishman's (1978) analysis of couples in conversation concluded that women's use of informal phrases (such as 'd'ya know?'):

answer

reflects the asymmetry between men and women

question

According to Lakoff (1975), women use tag questions:

answer

more than men

question

When closing conversations, we are likely to signal the end of a conversation by all of the following except ____.

answer

simply walking away

question

Which of the following typically varies in conversation? topic number of people turn length

answer

all of them

question

Clark (1996) describes conversation in terms of:

answer

a set of related layers which have to clearly connect to each other

question

According to the Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson (1974) model of conversation, the primary rule is that:

answer

the current speaker is allowed to select the next speaker

question

A conversational setting in which participants engage in speech exchanges that resemble ordinary conversation but are governed by organizational rules is called a(n):

answer

institutional setting

question

The shared understanding of those involved in a conversation (this is, person A knows X and B knows X and A knows that B knows X) is referred to as:

answer

common ground

question

Speech production transfers an idea into a meaningful utterance, involving conceptual, syntactic, phonological encoding and articulation. Syntactic encoding is the process of ________.

answer

organizing words into grammatical form

question

Studies of experimental speech errors show that error frequency is affected by whether the errors result in real words or non-words. Speech errors more commonly result in words than in nonwords.

answer

the lexical bias effect

question

t/f Dell's (1986) interactive model of speech production is based on the mechanism of spreading activation such that activation spreads down from the sentence level, where items are coded for syntactic properties, through a morphological level, to a phonological level

answer

true

question

one speech segment disappears from its appropriate location and appears somewhere else. Errors of this type are called ____ errors

answer

shift

question

A sensation we have when we're confident that we know the word we're searching for but we can't recall it

answer

tip of the tongue phenomenon

question

one segment disappears from its appropriate location and appears somewhere else.

answer

shift

question

in effect double shifts, since 2 linguistic units change places

answer

exchange

question

in anticipation of a forthcoming segment, we replace an earlier segment with the later segment

answer

anticipation

question

an earlier segment replaces a later one (while also being articulated in its correct location)

answer

preservation

question

something is added to the target utterance

answer

addition

question

something is omitted

answer

deletion

question

the two blend into a single item

answer

blend

question

when one segment is replaced by an intruder, but this differs from the other types of errors since the intruder may not occur at all in the intended sentence.

answer

substitutions/ malapropisms

question

Speech errors in which the initial sounds of 2 words are switched.

answer

spoonerisms

question

who are the unaddressed recipients of the speech at that moment

answer

side participant

question

hearers whose presence the participants acknowledge and who observe the conversation without being participants in it

answer

bystander

question

hearers whose presence the participants do not acknowledge but who are unintentionally listening to the conversation

answer

overhearers

question

hearers whose presence the participants do not acknowledge but who have engineered the situation to purposefully listen to the conversation

answer

eavesdroppers

question

4 gricean maxims

answer

relevance quantity quality manner

question

Do not make your contribution less (1) or more (2) informative than required

answer

quantity

question

try to make your contribution one that is true (don't say things that are false or for which you lack adequate evidence)

answer

quality

question

Avoid ambiguity and obscurity; be brief and orderly

answer

manner

question

disfluencies

answer

fillers edit terms repetitions pauses

question

t/f The more difficulty speakers have in planning, the more delays

answer

true

question

The length of a word is negatively correlated with the frequency of its use.

answer

Zipf's law

question

how easy it is to describe a concept in a language

answer

codability

question

Structural differences between languages are paralleled by nonlinguistic cognitive differences

answer

sapir whorf linguistic relativity

question

Cross-linguistic studies of the color domain suggest that

answer

there is a hierarchy of color terms

question

Codability is defined as

answer

the length of a verbal expression

question

The names for numbers 11 and 12 are dissimilar to the names for the numbers 1 and 2 in

answer

english

question

Studies of counting have found that Chinese preschoolers are superior to American preschoolers in counting

answer

from 11 to 99

question

Berlin and Kay (1969) found out that all languages drew their color terms from a set of ________ color categories.

answer

11

question

Rosch's research with the Dani found that

answer

the Dani learned the names for color categories best when focal colors were at the center of the categories

question

An example of an English construction that does not obey the subject-verb-object order is

answer

question form

question

Current research into Eskimo words for snow suggests that

answer

it is not clear that Eskimos have more words for snow than English speakers

question

Which of the following is NOT a mass noun? water rain air solid

answer

solid

question

Whorf used the term "regular" analogy to emphasize

answer

our normal, habitual way of interpreting everyday experience

question

The strong form of the Whorf hypothesis holds that

answer

the presence of linguistic categories creates cognitive categories

question

Studies of counterfactual reasoning in English- and Chinese-speaking individuals have demonstrated that

answer

variations in materials and subjects in these studies have made it difficult to interpret the results

question

In a study of the effects of grammatical gender on cognition, Boroditsky, Schmidt, and Phillips (2003) found that when Spanish speakers were asked to describe objects that were masculine in their language they

answer

used words such as big, dangerous, strong, and sturdy

question

Whort was chiefly concerned with

answer

grammatical differences among languages

question

English sentences typically obey the _________ order.

answer

subject verb object

question

________ states that the more frequent a word's usage, the shorter the word's length.

answer

Whereas English makes a distinction between putting things in and putting things on, Korean makes a distinction between

question

Phrases that reference object coordinate, as 'in front of the post' are examples of _______ spatial terms.

answer

intrinsic

question

The notion that a language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes in referred to as

answer

linguistic determinism

question

_________ refers to the process by which a phoneme, during a speech error, is shifted to a new location (such as /s/ in 'run outs') and takes the form appropriate to the new location (e.g., /s/ rather than /z/).

answer

accomodation

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