speech 5-7 15-19 – Flashcards
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listening
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the active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages it involves the ability to retain information as well as to react empatheticly and or appreciatively to spoken and/or nonverbal messages
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barriers
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possive listening, distraction(external,internal), bias, rate differential, receiver apprehension(fear of misunderstanding), focusing on nonverbals
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good listeners
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attend to both the verbal and nonverbal, monitor emotions, aviod closure, avoid prejudice, concentrates on main points and supports
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listening goals
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to appreciate, to emphathize, to evaluate, for information
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critical listening
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to evaluate the quality appropriateness value and/or importance of the information for the purpose of accepting or rejecting it
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critical assesment
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seperate facts(proven true by direct observation)/ inferences(conclusion based on partial info), determine quality of evidence, judge soundness of logic/reason
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statistics on audience characteristics
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age, gender, sexual orientation, culture, ethnicity, race, group membership, socioeconomic status
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physocological audience analysis
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explores attiitudes towards a topic, purpose and speaker while probing the underlying beliefs and values that might affect these attitudes (attitudes=likes/dislikes, belief=true/false, value=good/bad right/wrong)
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attitudes
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topic(interesed/apathetic,informed/uninformed, for/against) speaker(creadibility-degree to which a speaker is percieved as trust worthy and knowledgable and interesting)
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situational analysis
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time(time of day, length of speech) location(physical conditions, visit) size of audience( larger=more formal) occasion(reason of the gathering)
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Audience information
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informal(ask questions to, about) formal(surveys/questionares, openended unrestricted answers, closedended alternatives to choose from, scale questionares)
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evaluate audience response
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nonverbal(clapping, facial expressions) verbal(comments recieved, ask for feed back) survey(general reactions, specific to ideas and supporting materials) behaviorial
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read nonverbal cues
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eyecontact facial expression movement nonverbal responses verbal responses
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respond to nonverbal cues:inattentive audience
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tell a story extend /personal example relate importance refrain from statistics directly refer to audience engage in humor encourage participation ask for responses kick it up a notch
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respond to nonverbal cues: confused audience
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repeat information paraphrase utilize visual aids slow your pace ask for feed back ask for summary
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respond to nonverbal cues: disagreeing audience
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provide additional information reinforce credibility concentrate on factual information offer follow up to unanswered questions/concerns
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how to customize your message
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address be name with permission refer to specific community, group refer to a significant event happening on the same date refer to local recent news relate information directly to listeners
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diverse audiences
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dirvisity=differences target audiences-specific segment of the audience that you most want to adress or influence engage in inclusive language use a variety of supports to appeal to people of differing backgrounds varity of visual aids
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guidlines fir using language
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accurately-correct language clearly-specific language vividly-figurately language appropriately-occasion, audience, topic, speaker
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connotative meaning
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the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
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oral vs. written styles
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oral is more personal oral is more repetitious oral is less formal
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denotative meaning
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the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
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abstract words
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words that refer to general concepts, qualities, or attributes
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concrete words
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words that refer to tangible objects
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imagery
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the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects actions or ideas
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simile
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an explicit comparason introduces with the words like or as between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
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metaphor
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an implicit comparason not introduced with like or as between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
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rhythm
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the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
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parallelism
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the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words phrases or sentences
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repetition
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reiteration of the same word or set of words at the begining or end of successive clauses or sentences
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alliteration
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repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
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anthithesis
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the changing of contrasting ideas usually in parallel structure
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inclusive language
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language that does not steryotype demean or patronize people on the basis of gender race religion disability sexual orientation or other factors
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using inclusive language
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avoid using the generic "he" and man and avoid steryotyping jobs and avoid identifying personal traits unrelated to the topic
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nonverbal communication:eyecontact
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opens lines of communication, adds to creadibility, increases audience interest, provides feedback *establish before you give speech direct-eyes to eyes inclusive-look at everyone at once frequent-scaning room
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nonverbal communication:gestures
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emphasize important points indicate places enumerate items describe/illustrate items
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nonverbal communication:movement
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to show purpose not to distract, to avoid physical barriers, to transition
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nonverbal communication:posture
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communicates the intensity of an emotion, specific stance varies with message formality, should not call attention to itself, reflects your interests in the event, stand tall on both feet
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nonverbal communication:facial expression
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key role in communicating thoughts and emotions, universal understanding of primary expressions (happyness anger suprise...) when we speak our faces are a blend of expressions rather than a communicator of a single emotion
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nonverbal communication:personal appearance
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wardrobe varies (climate custon culture audience expectation) significant impression at beginging of speech, when in doubt go conservative
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Verbal communication
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rate, pitch, volume, pauses, variation, articulation, pronunciation, goals=speak to be understood, speak with vocal variety to maintain audience interest
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volume
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determined by the ammount of air you project through your voice box
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articulation
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the process of producing speech sounds clearly and distinctly, errors result from laziness/habit, relates to the clarity of the sound
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pronunciation
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relates to the degree to which the sounds conform to those assigned to words in standard english, mispronouncing words distracts from credibility
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dialect
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consistent style of pronouncing words that is common to an ethnic group or geographical region (intonation pattern, vowel pronouncation, consonant production, speaking rate)
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speaking rate
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120-180 words per minute average, best speaking rate depends on speaking style and message content
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pauses
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effective uses of pauses effective timing, especially coupled with effective eye contact, greatly enhances the impact of a message
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pitch
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how high or low your voice sounds, habitual pitch range of your voice during normal conversation, inflection (when you raise/lower pitch indicates emotion)
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prepare for performence
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practice get sleep get confident arrive early visualize success
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diverse audience adaprion
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avoid ethnocentric mind set, use a less dramatic style for high contect listeners, consult with other speakers, monitor your immediacy
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diverse audience adaption
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monitor emotion depending on high/low context audiences know the codes- senxitive and responsive to cultural differences ask for insight
