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Mussolini becomes dictator of Italy, 1922

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fascist who took control of Italy; an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 until his ousting in 1943. He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship.

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Italy invades Ethiopia, 1935

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Mussolini and his men invade Ethiopia. Although the ethiopians resisted bravely, their outdated weapons were no match for mussolinis tanks, machine guns, poison gas, and airplanes. Ethiopian king called upon league of nations- league of nations voted sanctions against Italy for violating international law. Leauge had no power and Italy was able to take over Ethiopia and drop out of the League of Nations

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Japan invades China, 1937

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part of Japan's mission to expand their spear of influence throughout the Pacific. This was a precursor to World War II. They eventually got to Pearl Harbor, which brought the United States into the war in 1941, two years after it had begun.

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Germany invades Poland (WWII begins), 1939

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1939, Germany invaded the neutral Poland which made Britain and France declare war with the now untrusted, Hitler controlled Germany. This was the start of World War 2.

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Lend Lease Act, 1941

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Enacted by Congress in 1941 the Lend-Lease Act empowered the president to sell, transfer, lend, or lease war supplies—such as equipment, food, and weapons—to American allies during World War II. In exchange for the valuable assistance provided under the Lend-Lease Act (55 Stat. 31 [1941]), the Allies were to comply with the terms set by the president for repayment.

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Germany attacks the Soviet Union, 1941

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Hitler decided to crush the Soviet Union, seize the oil and other resources of the Soviet Union, and the have two free hands to battle Britain

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Pearl Harbor attack, US entered WWII, 1941

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Dec 7 1941; Japanese attack American naval base and airforces in Oahu; US declares war on japan, Italy and Germany declare war on US

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Battle at Midway, 1942

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naval battle of World War II (June 1942); American planes based on land and on carriers decisively defeated a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands

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Executive Order 9066 issued, February 19, 1942

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to round up all Japanese Americans in the United States because they were seen as a danger to the U. S. during World War II, Ordered by President Franklin Roosevelt in February, 1942. Declared that large military zones could be set up to exclude current residents who were believed to be a threat to security.

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Normandy invasion (D-Day), June 6, 1944

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On June 6, 1944, the Allies launched a massive landing on the beaches of this city in France. There was heavy German resistance even though the Germans thought this battle was a diversion and the "real" invasion would take place elsewhere. Their slow response gave the Allies an advantage. Within 3 months, the Allies had landed 2 million men and 1/2 a million vehicles. They were able to break through German defensive lines. This victory opened the western front and a year later the Nazis were driven from power

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Yalta Conference, 1945

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"Big Three" met again;Stalin agreed to enter Pacific war within 3 months after Germany surrendered; Stalin agreed to a "Declaration of Liberated Europe" which called for free elections; Called for United Nations to meet in U.S. beginning in April 1945; Germany to be divided into occupied zones and a coalition government of communists and non-communists was agreed to for Poland.

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Germany surrenders, 1945

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Battle of Berlin, in May 1945 the Russians reach Berlin on one side and US/Britain on the other side, cutting the Germans off and forcing them to surrender; Hitler commits suicide

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V-E Day, May 8, 1945

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a name given to May 8th "victory in Europe day" on which General Eisenhower acceptance of the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany marked the end of WWII in Europe.

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Hiroshima & Nagasaki bombed, August, 1945

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Two major cities that US decided to drop atomic bombs upon. Resulted in the surrender of Japan and end of World War II. Before each bomb, Truman warned Japan to surrender. After the second bombing, he still promised a third bomb even though he did not have a third, but Japan surrendered before that became a problem. Over 200,000 civilian deaths between the two cities

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Japan surrendered, September 2, 1945

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V-J Day - Victory in Japan Day

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isolationism

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A policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs. US stance on politics after WWI, because many believed that involvement in WWI had been a mistake

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fascism

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A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism. Mussolini in Italy was a Fascist

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policy of appeasement

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Britain adopted a policy of appeasement, granting Hitler everything he could reasonably want in order to avoid war. The first step was an Anglo German naval agreement in June 1935 that broke Germany's isolation. The second step came in March when Hitler marched his armies into the demilitarized Rhineland, violating the Treaties of Versailles and Locarno. (977), policy of granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace; wanted to avoid war

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National Socialist party (Nazis)

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The Nazi Party was formed in Munich after World War I; it advocated right-wing authoritarian nationalist government and developed a racist ideology based on anti-Semitism and a belief in the superiority of "Aryan" Germans; its charismatic leader, Adolf Hitler, who was elected Chancellor in 1933, established a totalitarian dictatorship, rearmed Germany in support of expansionist foreign policies in central Europe, and thus precipitated World War II, antisemitism, antimarxist, anticommunist

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Axis powers

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A series of treaties in 1936 and 37 between Germany, Italy, and Japan created what was called the "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis." The coutries were thereafter refered to as the Axis Powers.

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Allied Forces

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The military alliance of the USA, Britain, Russia, France, and other countries during WWII

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Blitzkrieg

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"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939

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"arsenal of democracy"

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slogan coined by Franklin D. Roosevelt in a radio broadcast delivered on December 29, 1940. Roosevelt promised to help the British Empire fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting.

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rationing

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Taking items that are in short supply and distributing them according to a system. For instance, during World War II, gas, sugar, and butter were a few of the items rationed in the United States.

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WACS/WAVES

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Women's Army Corps/Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy - about 250,000 women served in these units, including the marines, Coast Guard, and army air corps. They performed clerical tasks or worked as nurses.

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Rosie the Riveter

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A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

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Japanese-American internment

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Roosevelt signed a document Feb. 19,1942 stating that all people of Japanese ancestry from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona, needed to be removed. Put them in internment camps because of their fear for another attack by the Japanese.

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island hopping/"Leap-frogging"

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US policy of hopping from island to island across the Pacific, eliminating Japanese spear of influence

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The Holocaust/"final solution"/genocide

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Nazi policy of eliminating "inferior" races; need I say more? Millions of Jews, Poles, and Gypsies are slaughtered in concentration camps

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Manhattan Project

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A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

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Nuremberg Trials

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A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt

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1882-1945. 32nd President. Renounced right of U.S. to intervene in Latin America. Felt America should be "Arsenal of Peace" at onset of WWII. Was "anti-imperialist" and sought to end European colonialism. Gave "Infamy Speech" and declared war on Japan in 1941. Led the nation through depression and war. Reason for the 22nd amendment limiting a president to two terms in office

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Harry S. Truman

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(1945-1949) and (1949-1953), Succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon his death. Led the country through the last few months of World War II, and made the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. Created the CIA

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Winston Churchill

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A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

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Joseph Stalin

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Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition Succeeded Lenin

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Benito Mussolini ("Il Duce")

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Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)

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Adolph Hitler

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(1) elected Chancellor of Germany in January 1933, the fascist Nazi leader who oversaw German economic recovery by mobilizing industry for military purposes; (2) he aggressively sought global hegemony & oversaw one of the century's most notorious genocide attempts

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George Marshall

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United States general and statesman who as Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program (1880-1959); pushed for the Woman Auxiliary Arms Corps (many things that are done by soldiers could be better done by women), American military leader, noted as an organizer for victory in Europe, organized a huge military expansion, was a skilled organizer and picked many of the top commanders in the war back in Washington. Formulated a post-war economic plan after the war.

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

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(1953-1957) and (1957-1961), when elected President, he was the most popular American; "I like Ike!" button. Modern Republicanism---didn't undo the New Deal of the Democrats. Called "The Republican's Choice" . He was the commander of the allied forces in Europe, the army chief-of-staff after the war, and the director of NATO for two years. Dwight displayed "grandfatherly good will". The night before the 1952 presidential elections, he declared that he would personally go to Korea and end the war. This helped to win the majority in 41 of the lower 48 states. Eisenhower reigned over a period of unstable peace and prosperity. At the time of the integration of Central High he made the decision to send the 101st Airborne to Little Rock to protect the students

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Douglas MacArthur

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(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

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--Philip Randolph

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Led black unions like the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters that fought for the rights of Black workers, called for march on Washington demanding end to federal discrimination

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--J. Robert Oppenheimer

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lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."

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Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense Industry (1941)

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In June of 1941, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, banning discriminatory employment practices by Federal agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war-related work. The order also established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy., declared that there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin; established a President's Fair Employment Practices Committee which, though underfunded and understaffed, conducted a number of highly visible hearings that focused public attention on discrimination in government agencies

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Executive Order 9066: Resulting in the Relocation of Japanese (1942)

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to round up all Japanese Americans in the United States because they were seen as a danger to the U. S. during World War II, Ordered by President Franklin Roosevelt in February, 1942. Declared that large military zones could be set up to exclude current residents who were believed to be a threat to security.

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--Servicemen's Readjustment Act (1944)

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A government legislation designed to solve the problem of what the 15 million soldiers would do once they got back home. It allowed all servicemen to have free college education once they returned from the war, and it created the Veterans' Administration allowing them to take out loans.

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United Nations Charter (1945)

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formed in 1945, with 192 members who propose to maintain international peace and security, the development of friendly relations between and among all nations and the promotion of justice and cooperation in the solution of international problems

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