World history semester 2 study guide – Flashcards

the Chinese thought they already had all they needed and the voyages of zheng he concluded that they were the best country (ethnocentric) and had all the best resources and goods so they returned to isolation the Japanese let the europeans in at first, but the weapons they brought differed with the way of the samurai (sword) and brought destruction, the Japanese also grew weary of the Christian missionaries that were sent and feared they would cause religious uprisings so they turned to isolation

Africa wasn't used as a respected trading partner for goods, but now people were taken from Africa to be slaves

Africa had been discovered to have many natural resources wanted by Europe and they had a slave system as part of society, but it wasn't as harsh as it became, Europeans needed people to work on the new colonies and used Africans because they were immune to european disease, and were easy to catch due to their skin color, they were traded and brought as goods they were stuffed on small, boats with poor conditions, and became part of triangular trade, this caused African families to be torn apart, guns to be brought to the continent, culture to be lost in Africa, and fittest members gone ,culture influence American societies and helps economy

Inca Pizarro finds Inca in modern day Peru kills and tricks their king so they get gold and attacks the Capitol, Cuzco conquering it, slaughtering inhabitants

religious and territorial disputes creates fear and uncertainty, rulers have to raise taxes to pay for army which upset many peasants, middle class was growing and they support absolute monarchs wealth from colonies provides funds for monarchs to do whatever they want, religious upheaval (Reformation) allows people to rely and trust monarchs more

Thirty Years War: European monarchs fight over territory, religion, and power (weakens Spain and Austria, strengthens France, makes German princes independent) War of Spanish Succession: European states fight to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling France and Spain (no one wants two absolute powers to become one, Britain gains territory) Seven Years War: "worldwide" battle between Britain and Prussia vs. Austria, France, and Russia (alliances mess things up and cause a war)

monarchs defy parliament, English civil war: parliament v. Monarch, olive Cromwell abolishes monarchy (too harsh), restoration (habeas corpus), glorious revolution (bloodless overthrow of king James) Constitutional monarchy established and bill of rights:

James I: struggled with money, offended Puritans Charles I: parliament wontIdentify the relationship of Parliament won't give him money, Petition of Right, ignored document, English civil war, Oliver Cromwell: got rid of parliament and became dictator' Charles II: restoration restores parliament James II: disregards parliament (unpopular) Glorious revolution: bloodless overthrow of James II initiated by parliament, gains major, respected role once again

People: no one died, could freely complain to king in bill of rights Parliament: respected again, bill of rights allows freedom of speech in parliament, no suspending parliaments laws etc., cabinet system Monarchy: greatly weakened, constitutional monarchy, must work with parliament (no absolutism)

Exploration: opened possibilities of new truths about universe, navigators need better instruments Printing press: quick way to spread information

set logical basis of going about science Bacon attacked medieval scholars and challenged people to experiment Descartes linked algebra and geometry, relied on math and logic (I think therefore I am) Observation + experimentation +logic +math= scientific method

Astronomy: heliocentric theory (Copernicus) records planet movements (tyco Brahe), mathematical laws for plants movements (JohannesKepler), built telescopes, studied moon and Jupiter (Galileo) Physics: law of gravity (Isaac Newton) Technology: microscope (Leeuwenhoek), barometer (Evangelista Torriceli), thermometer (Fahrenheit and Celsius) Medicine: first human dissections (Vesalius) smallpox vaccine (EdwardJenner) Chemistry: the 4 elements, particles (Robert Boyle)

Locke: favored self government not absolute monarchies because humans have natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after welfare of society, people have natural rights, and if government doesn't protect them citizens can overthrow it, foundations for democracy Hobbes: government must keep humans in order otherwise there will be war people hand rights to strong ruler who will give them order and law in return (social contract), ruler needs total power, best government is absolute monarchy

Enlightenment: the 18th century european movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society Montesquieu: separation of powers (like in Britain) would prevent one group from taking over government (checks and balances) Voltaire: used satire against clergy, government etc. to prove the ideals of freedom of religion, speech, and tolerance of all Rousseau: committed to individual freedom, believed that civilization corrupted man's natural goodness best government was democracy all people are equal (nobility v matter) Beccaria: justice system should preserve order not avenge crimes (no torture/capital punishment) punishment based on seriousness of crime Wollstonecraft: women should have equal education and jobs as men

Belief in Progress: scientific revolution and philosophes opened the door to these ideas and possibilities Secular Outlook: people question religious beliefs and use science to explain mysteries of the universe, religious tolerance Importance of the Individual: look to themselves not church or government for guidance use own reason to judge right from wrong

Social: the largest estate (Third) had little rights and were far less respected than members of the other estates Political:first and second estates had a large say in the government, but the third had none Economic: the clergy and nobles were hardly taxed, but the third estate was greatly taxed, and payed tithes to church Immediate Causes: weak King Louis and Marie Antoinette (much debt already, made debt worse), National Assembly, Tennis court Oath, and Storming of Bastille, women attack Versailles (first signs of rebellion), bad winter causes food shortages

National Assembly: Third estate want to meet with the other two, people get a say in government angered other estates Tennis Court Oath: National Assembly locked out of meeting room, go into tennis court and vow to not stop meeting until they have a new constitution Louis stations army outside Versailles Bastille: peasants upset over army, storm the Bastille prison (symbol of Middle Ages) kill many guards Great Fear: peasants became outlaws, and broke into nobles homes because they thought nobles were hiring people to terrorize the peasants Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen: document that expresses the rights of every man (like Declaration of Independence) Constitution of 1791: limited constitutional monarchy, king lost much power, legislative assembly Austria and Prussia: urge France to keep Louis an absolute monarch, for their own safety war was disastrous, France was an enemy of many countries Execution of Louis XVI: start of new government, end to absolute monarchy

Moderates: people in the middle, want some changes but not as many as radicals Radicals: sat on left, want many changes Conservatives: sit on right, want few changes and limited monarchy

National Convention: declared France a republic, ruled by radical Jacobins males can vote and run for office Reign of Terror: reign of Maximilian Robespierre where he feverishly executed anyone who somewhat opposed the revolution Wars to Expand Revolution: Napoleon is emperor and wants to expand France in the americas and Europe, won many battles but creates and unstable empire, eventually lost much territory and led to Napoleons fall The Directory: 5 moderates who were the executive body in France (sometimes corrupt) Coup of Napoleon: Napoleon seizes power as dictator of France

kept changes of the revolution, set up public schools (lycées), uniform set of laws (Napoleonic Code), official banking and tax system, concordat that said France recognized the church's power but rejected it in national affairs

became emperor saying he was more powerful than church, kept expanding so much he couldn't control empire, didn't listen to people

Political success: kept changes of the revolution, (lycées), (Napoleonic Code), official banking and tax system, concordat Political failures: didn't set up organization of empire Military Success: won many battles in Europe and created large empire Military failures: Russia invasion, Spain invasion, Britain invasion

Klemens von Metternich: prevent French aggression by surrounding it with strong countries and restore balance of power and restore Europe's families to the throne they had before Napoleon (adopted all of those) Austria and Prussia: sign Holy Alliance pledging to base relations with foreign countries off of Christian values Congress of Vienna Created Lasting Peace in Europe

the Congress of Vienna expressed conservative values and showed the want of a peaceful Europe, Napoleon gathered people together and did gain a large empire which made others think they could too

religion, nationality, culture, history, language, territory

Cavour: adopts a liberal constitution, worked to expand piedmont Sardinia's power, prime Minister of Piedmont Sardinia, wins battle against Austria uniting northern Italy Garibaldi: unites southern Italy with his army the red shirts unites his southern Italy with Piedmont Sardinia

Used Realpolitik and declared he would not consent Parliament, allied with Austria and won respect from Germans, purposely stirred up border conflict with Austria making a war, humiliating Austria and getting northern Germany, made a war with France to get southern Germany, unified Germany into second reich under kaiser Wilhelm

Disrupted the balance of the five great powers in Europe by adding two more and weakening other powers

industrial Revolution: the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century from making goods by hand to making them by machine Causes: population growth, economy bad, people need cheap labor , Napoleon's wars cost a lot, England had less war, natural resources form colonies, preferable natural conditions, agricultural revolution Characteristics: factories and machines , pollution, dirty, new transportation, railroads, steamboats, poor conditions, child labor.

Working and living conditions are terrible and unsanitary Labor unions: people with same job join together to ask for bigger wages and protect their rights, imperialism began,big a gap between industrialized and non industrialized countries social: global equality grows as industrialization becomes competition, child labor, class tensions Science/technology: new machines and ways of getting work done

Capitalism: Adam Smith had the idea of laissez-faire economy. Where government isn't involved in factories and industries there will always be a poor class as long as there was not an epidemic or war to kill the excess population that food couldn't support (influenced industrial revolution) Socialism: Marx believed that society was divided into the workers and the middle class and they would always be feuding (extreme socialism equals Communism) capitalism would bring about few wealthy business owners in control of all the money instead of the people which was the goal of socialism

If a nation had natural resources and good conditions for industry (waterways, good economy and growing population)

unions allowed strikes and workers to have a say, stopped slave trade in Britain, protects child workers, and women a bit Not many were hurt but women still gained less rights than they hoped, monarchs lost much power due to democratic ideals spreading

Europeans now wanted to strip colonies of their resources for industrialization and were conquering more for the pride and glory than for their needs and totally disregard the people beloved they were superior

Africa: Europeans wanted natural resources for industrialization, , had machine gun and steam engine to get deeper into the continent, vaccine for malaria, diamonds, some fought back but ultimately failed except Ethiopia and Liberia who remained independent Middle East: mediterranean and Atlantic sea trade access, crimean war between Russia and the Ottomans, Russia and Britain both want Afghanistan, both formally withdrew, Suez Canal Asia: Dutch East India Company want oil and tin, rich deposits of both all over Asia so everyone joins in, Siam remains independent China would never trade with Europe because of ethnocentricity, Britain signs opium which China will trade for, everyone becomes drug addicts and China is mad=opium war, loose, in midst of many rebellions, still want to be left alone Japan: reluctantly lets in foreign traders, modernizes and gets into imperialism too (you can't beat them join them)

positive: economies grew, (mostly benefits Europeans) brought modernization (sanitation, health, education) brought together countries through railroads Negative: many natives died resisting, the cultures lost in native lands, set up issues with the way lands were divided up (only benefitted Europeans)

Nationalism: In World War I Competitive pride against European superpowers Aspirational (people under Slavic empire who want own nation) Imperialism: Germany wants more colonies So do Italy and Japan (rising powers) Motivated by desire to take losers colonial possessions Militarism: Revival of chivalry (Noble) In Britain there are more thieves and workers have no power due to industrialization build like gothic castles Men think they can fight for god king and country Glorified use of weapons used as test on all weapons want to put weapons to use Britain has navy, France and Germany have army Alliances: Otto Von Bismarck used real politic (ends justify means) creating alliance between Germany Austria-Hungary and Italy but booted out of power by kaiser Wilhelm and abandons Russian alliance Triple entante with Britain France and Russia Crisis in the Balkans: Serbian and Slavic nationalism mix of muslims catholic Slavs and eastern orthodox Slavs ottomans want to retake them Power keg of Europe because of all cultures, Serbian kills archduke Frans Ferdinand and sparks wars and alliances

Propaganda glorified fighting (played up chivalry) in the war and made me think dying in battle a better way to die than at home, propaganda did not show the unsanitary trenches other horrors of war

League of Nations: would solve all worlds problems and prevent another war, included everyone (except Russia, Germany, and USA) Changing borders: Europe is recarved creating new vulnerable nations Japan and Italy don't get as much territory as they want Germany loses much territory Military restrictions on Germany War guilt: Germany blamed solely for war, pay much reparations to allies sinking them in debt Wilson's fourteen points pretty much ignored

Japan and Italy Don't get much territory, leaving a chip their shoulder Germany has huge debt and humiliation and lost territory leaving a huge chip on their shoulder League of Nations is superficial and useless, doesn't include major world powers New vulnerable countries created out of old huge ones

Ottoman Empire: weak and fell, and split up Russia: internal struggles, debt, and weak Germany: debt and loss of territory Balkans: re carved Austria-Hungary: split up

Weak leadership under czar All people unhappy World War I involvement (damaging and too much) revolutionary agitation challenges government

Lenin: wants classless society with production in hands of people, allows some private business and lets some peasants hold land, standard of living rises for workers and peasants Stalin: wants to make USSR into a modernized industrial power with all production under government control, creates command economy, puts all agriculture under government control and forces peasants to live in collective farms, standard of living falls for workers and peasants Both: use secret police, become leader of communist party, want to. Bring a bout world wide communist revolution

Marx: struggle between workers proletariat and Capitalists, proletariat becomes so weak that a revolution occurs, revolution was with the dictatorship of the proletariat a communal ownership of wealth Lenin: struggle between capitalists proletariats and peasants, proletariat and peasants not capable of leading a revolution so they get help from professional revolutionaries, after revolution the state is run by a single party with disciplined centrally directed administrators to ensure its goals Both: history is the story of class struggle

China: first start as republic, leader lacks authority and military, China enters World War I in hope of gaining land, but looses it to Japan, China turns to communism and Lenin helps China peasants support communism Jiang jieshi turns on communists fighting for nationalism, communist flee in long march, fighting stops temporarily India: Hindus and Muslims are promised reforms after World War I but don't deliver so ten Indians fight back and so does Britain Gandhi leads Indians and supports non violence and boycotting, Britain grants limited self rule Persia: becomes Iran British try to take over spurring nationalist revolt, new leader modernizes and keeps all power ( Reza shah Pahlavi)

Fascism begins in Italy because they didn't get the territory they wanted from treaty of Versailles Germany was humiliated from World War I so they make fascist government after Mussolini appeals to many during depression for those who want a stronger Germany Japan makes somewhat fascist government that was humiliated by west, rallies around emperor

Germany, Italy, and Japan invaded other nations be used they wanted to prove that they were better and stronger now than ever and because no one was stopping them England and France responded with saying it was bad but doing nothing to stop it because they were weak after World War I too used appeasement because they were afraid of war

Nationalism: fascist unification of German speakers, treaty of Versailles ticked off Germans and made them want to restore pride, Japan and Italy wanted to regain territories Imperialism: Japan and Italy want resources and to prove their imperial might Germans want land back lost in treaty of Versailles Militarism: WWI increased demand for mechanized warfare Democratic pacifism/ democratic failure: Britain and France internal weaknesses caused by economic legacy of WWI and does not aid republican Spain USA: had to return to normalcy(isolation) Appeasement: give in hoping for no more Alliances and pact: Italy Germany and Japan become axis powers, Germany and USSR have pact that they won't go to war and secret pact to attack Poland and GB France and Poland

blitzkrieg: Germany's strategy of surprise attacks worked in some battles France falls to nazis, (blitzkrieg) Battle of Britain (war in skies) D-day (turning point) battle of Berlin (fall of nazis) invasion of Sicily (mussolinis regime falls) battle El Alamein (turning point) operation Barbarossa (gets Russia mad) battle for Stalingrad (soviets push), Pearl Harbor ( USA gets into World War II), battle of Midway (halts Japanese advances), atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan surrenders)

Few countries let Jews in for refuge, Nuremberg laws: are not citizens and have less rights Kristallnacht: attack on Jewish synagogues and business Widespread anti-Semitism throughout the world

USSR (only totalitarian left, loss of populations and factories) and USA (only non-totalitarian left richest country don't lose much)

Germany: allies use unconditional surrender, total defeat, split, east and west by USSR and Western Europe, Nuremberg trials: crimes against humanity, "following orders" is not legit Japan: occupied by USA, demilitarized, emperor is figurehead, takes power from starting another war, but USA helps rebuild economy

different post war goals: soviets build iron curtain as buffer to protect them from wests and another conflict and want world wide communism United States wants to do all they can to stop the soviets and spread their capitalist and democratic ideals

still tense between countries, effects from proxy wars (Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan) nuclear warfare threats

External: soviets originally ally with communist China and USA allies with Chinese nationalists USSR and China fight over borders and stops, Japan tries to invade China Internal: nationalists v. Communists, Great Leap Forward too strict caused famine, cultural revolution executed many

glasnost: openness and free flow of ideas Perestroika: reconstructing soviet economy for more local decision making Democratization: gradual opening of political system nationalities call for freedom: many rebellion that can't be put down Chechnya causes trouble for Russians Russia still protective of old soviet states

Britain grants India independence Muslim league (Muslims) vs. congress party (Hindus)India divided into India(Hindus) Pakistan (Muslims) groups killed each other over where they would go Sikhs (other prominent religious group)

Israel becomes a state (Jews vs. Arabs) the 6 islamic states invade Israel, Suez crisis Egypt takes Suez Canal and Britain take sad it back for Israel , but feeling sympathetic gives it back to Egypt, arbs and Israelis continued fighting in sporadic battles and tensions still remain high between the 2 groups