Chapter 13 Europe’s Commercial Revolution – Flashcards
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Feudal
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The legal and social system in Europe from 1000-1400 in which serfs worked the land and subordinates performed military service for their lords in return for protection. The term came into use after 1600 as a legal concept.)
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Describe the Feudal Triangle and the relationships of the various groups in society to each other
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Notes
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Describe how chess reflects the feudal society of Europe
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The more agile and movable pieces represent higher classes in society because they have more freedom to do what they want, so they represent the class system at that time. Limited movement for low ranking people. Some names carry over and reflect. You protect the highest ranking people, low ranking do not matter as much so they can be sacrificed. The board represents land area at that time, reflects the division of land ruled by different people.)
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Discuss the economic results of cerealization in 1100-1300 Europe
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Allowed people to keep more land under cultivation, and it made people cultivate much land regularly. Some developments are agricultural improvements which led to economic growth and more food/larger population.
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Guilds
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Group of merchants who work together to set a price on a product. Associations formed by members of the same trade that regulated prices and working hours and covered members' burial costs. Only those who belonged to the guild could engage in the business the guild regulated.)
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What brought on the growth of learning centers and the thirst for information in Europe between 1100 and 1400?
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Fewer people grow crops because there were already so many who make many crops. The peasants cannot farm anymore because of this so they learn more. The crusades also led to this.)
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Liberal Arts
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(Basic core of the curriculum in Europe between 500 and 1500 that consisted of the trivium (logic, grammar, rhetoric) and the quadrivium (arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, and music theory))
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Scholasticism
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Method of instruction using reason or logic. Prevailing method of instruction in Europe between 1100 and 1500. Help that students could arrive at a correct answer if they used their powers of reasoning to derive the answer from multiple citations of classical sources and the Bible)
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Time of crusades
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1095-1291
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What were crusades
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Western Christians led by pope, who worked with the orthodox Christians(Byzantines) at first, to capture Jerusalem which was a city they had once controlled
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Crusader
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(One who volunteered to fight against the Muslims)
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Inquisition
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Court made to hear cases of heresy by Christians)
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Reconquista
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Spain has a ____________ in 1492 where they gain Spain back for Christians
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What were the motives of the Pope & Church
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pope wanted more political power for the catholic community, pope said if they participate they go to heaven, knights could be violent outside of Europe)
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What were the results of the Crusades
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Catholics capture Jerusalem but caused many deaths of worshippers, lost it in 88 years)
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How were various groups affected (Western Christians, Byzantine Christians, Jews and Muslims)? (
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Muslims lost land and people, Christians gained land but lost people, Jews still were unable to have accented of worship, Byzantines called in even though there was a plot between the religions)
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After the fall of Jerusalem to the crusaders, who controlled it for over eighty years, how did Saladin successfully reconquer Jerusalem and bring it back under Ayyubid control? (
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Saladin raises a Muslim army and in 1187 recaptures Jerusalem: 2/3/4 crusade the Christians try to get Jerusalem back)
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Crusade mania was not limited to the Holy Lands. How did Christians react to Europeans that they considered to be enemies of the church?
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(If you do not do whatever the Christians in the west do they will kill you, especially Jews and people that were different than them; England and France expel the Jews; Christians known as Cathars were attacked and killed)
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Hundred years war
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1337-1453; France against England; king of France dies without direct heir to throne, so king of England was actually next in line, but France picked a French resident instead leading the king of England to fight to have their claim honored
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How do historian's assess the significance of the Hundred Years' War? (
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Both kings gained power even though France held them off, Only French war fought on French soil only, important invention could be gunpowder weapons)
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Discuss the progress of centralized rule in Europe after the 100 Years' War
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(improved economically and religiously)
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Great Western Schism
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(event that divided the catholic church into two parts because of two different popes in the same religion)
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Joan of Arc
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(believed she was spoken to by God to lead France and rallied French forces to a lot of victory, she was eventually burned by England at the stake for beings heretic)
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Parliament
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(name for councils that approved the kings' tax laws)
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Identify causes and spread of Black Death
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(1300s a disease spread by fleas to rats came from Asia to Europe by ship and infected people, it was contagious so it spread; bubonic plagues now what it is called)
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Describe the black deaths impact on society
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(Killed so many people causing decreases in population. This led to unfilled jobs)
