question

Describe the "little Ice age" and tell me what happened there?

answer

A small drop in overall temperature resulted in a shortened growing season and disastrous weather conditions. (heavy storms, constant rain) 1315-1317 the heavy weather destroyed the harvest in Europe causing food shortages and extreme hunger and starvation. Some estimate it killed 10 % of the European population.

question

Where did the people go to when the farmlands in Europe were overflowing with people?

answer

People moved from overpopulated rural areas to urban locations

question

Europe seemed to have reached an upper limit to population growth. what happened to the poor?

answer

The number of the poor seemed to have been increasing noticeably, which led to Chronic Malnutrition?

question

What was Chronic Malnutrition?

answer

This is something that was caused by the famine. Without enough food, people were continuously without the nourishment they needed to be healthy. It led to lower birth rates, increased infant mortality, and they were more predisposed to get diseases.

question

What was the name of the Chronic Malnutrition that made some of the people die off?

answer

The Black Death.

question

The Black death was..

answer

The most devastating natural disaster in European history. In the mid-14th century caused economic, social, political and cultural upheaval. Parents abondoned their children and all normal human relations were broken down.

question

What was the Bubonic Plague

answer

A Plague that was Spread by rats carrying fleas with the bacterium Yersinia pestis--which was the most common and important plaque in the time of the Black Death.

question

Where did the Black Death originate?

answer

Asia

question

When did the Plague reach Sicily?

answer

October 1347

question

How many people were in Florence Genoa and Vencis at this time and how many did they lose?

answer

100,000 and lost about 50 to 60 percent because of the plague.

question

How much did the European population decline between 1347 and 1351?

answer

It declined between 25 adn 50 percent.

question

What were Flagellants?

answer

Flagellants were people who beat themselves to cleanse themselves of sin and earn God's forgiveness. Their desire was to earn their own forgiveness, but to also bring an end to the the famine and dying in their towns and countries.

question

What were the jews accused of during the period of anit-Semitism?

answer

The Jews were accussed of causing the plague by Poisoning the water in the town wells. They were persecuted in Span, but most heavily in Germany, where more than 60 major Jewish communities were exterminated.

question

What became common after the black death ended.

answer

The commonness of death meant people began to treat life as something cheap. Violence and violent death became more common after the plaque.

question

What happened to the prices in Europe when they experienced labor shortage?

answer

Since there were fewer people, there was a labor shortage and the price of labor went up dramatically.

question

How did the Aritocrats respond to adversity?

answer

the wanted to lower the rates of wage so the English Parliament passed the Statue of Laborers.

question

How did the decline in the number of peasants after the Black Death contribute to the weakening of the manoralism system?

answer

With fewer people to do the labor (work) it accelerated the process of converting labor services to rents, freeing peasants from obligations of servile tenure and weakening the system of manoralism.

question

What was the Jacquerie?

answer

A peasant revolt that broke out in north France in 1358 where both English and French forces deliberately laid waste to peasant lands while the mercenaries lived off the land by taking from the peasants.

question

How were the peasants looked at?

answer

The aristocrats looked down on them with hatred.

question

When was the English Peasant's Revolt?

answer

1381...it was the most famous of all revolts and was caused by rising expectations.

question

What were causes of The Hundred Years War?

answer

1. Henry III, gave up his claims to all the French territories previously held by the English Monarchy. The only place he kept was the duchy of Gascony. As the Duke of Gasconey, the English king pledged loyalty to the King of France, but this land (the duchy of Gascony) gave rise to many disputes between the two kings, especially as the French officials interfered more in the affairs of this land, especially in matters of justice. This annoyed the king of England who saw himself as a peer to the king of France.

question

How did the English army work differently then the others?

answer

They had included peasants as paid foot soldiers since the Anglo Saxon times. They used more foot soldiers but also had a cavalry.

question

What type of weapon did they use?

answer

Pikes and they had also adopted the longbow.

question

Where did the English army meet Edward's forces?

answer

In Crécy. The larger French army followed no battle plan and attacked the English lines of soldiers in a disorderly fashion. The arrows of the English archers devastated the French cavalry.

question

What did English not possess to win against France?

answer

The needed resources.

question

When was the war renewed and who did it?

answer

In 1415 by the English king Henry V. The French were in their own civil war. The English won this time at the Battle of Agincourt.

question

How many men did the French lose in the Battle of Agincourt?

answer

6,000

question

How many men did the English lose in the Battle of Agincourt?

answer

300

question

Who was Joan of Arc?

answer

Joan of Arc was a french peasent girl who claimed to have had visions of her favorite saints. The saints told her that she needed to see the French Leader and help save France. Joan of Arc inspired many of the troops which later helped them win the 100 year war. Unfortunatly the British captured Joan of Arc and burned her alive.

question

The fifty year reign of Edward III was important for the evolution of England how?

answer

It was important for the English political Institutions in the fourteenth century. Parliament increased in structure and functions during this time. Due to his need for $ to fight the Hundred Years War he went to the Parliament for approve new taxes.

question

Two big things that happened under King Edward's rule relating to his power.

answer

In return for the Parliament giving him grants of $ to fight the Hundred Years War, King Edward agreed to: 1. HAve no new tax without the approval fo Parliament 2. Allow Parliament to examine the government accounts to make sure money was being spent properly.

question

How did the House of Lords develop in England?

answer

During King Edward's reign, the Great Council of barons became the House of Lords and developed into a body whose members' positions were hereditary (handed down by family member to family member).

question

What were the gabelle and hearth taxes?

answer

When French King Philip became involved in the Hundred Years War he too needed money to fight. He created new taxes including the gabelle tax on salt and the hearth tax called the taille. These taxes were especially difficult for the peasants to pay.

question

What was the Golden Bull?

answer

The Golden Bull was a document issued by Emperor Charles IV stating that the four princes could elect who would be king of the Romans and the future emperor to be ruler of the world and the Christians people.

question

What was the result of King Charles VI's insanity?

answer

It opened the door for rivals among the French nobels to compete for power creating chaos for the French government and people. France seemed to be in an endless World War

question

Who else failed to develop a centralized Monarchical state by the fourteenth century?

answer

Germany & Italy. With the failure of the Hohenstaufens Germany became a land of hundreds of virtually independent states.

question

What is Condottieri?

answer

When the Italian city-states relied on mercenary soldiers whose leaders are the CONDOTTIERI and they sold the services of their bands to the highest bidder.

question

The Duchy of Milan

answer

Milan was a city located in the fertile valley of Italy where traders passed from the coastal cities to the Alpine passes. It was politically agitated until the Viconti family established themselves in control and handed down power. Giangaleazzo Visconti ruled from 1385 to 1402 and purchased the title of duke from the emperor.

question

What were the "Popolo Grasso" class?

answer

The class of wealthy merchants known as the "fat people" in 1293 This class gained the dominate role because of their wealth. establishing a new constitution known as the Ordinances of Justice. They lost their power to the popolo minuto (the small shopkeepers and artisans) and then gained it back again.

question

4 years after The Popolo Grasso took control what happened?

answer

A counterrevolution brought them back to a virtual control of the government.

question

Republic of Venice and the Council of Ten

answer

Actual power was vested in the hands of the Great Council and the legislative body known as the Senate. The Council of Ten, formed in 1310, came to be the real executive power of the state. Venice expanded and created a commercial empire by establishing colonies and trading ports in the eastern Meditteranean and Balck Sea.

question

What is the papacy?

answer

The Pope or head of the Catholic Church

question

***What led to the decline of the papcy during the 14th century?

answer

The popes struggled with the kings over whether they could be taxed and who had ultimate power over the priest or clergy as employees of the church or subjects of the king. Pope Boniface the VIII wrote the strongest letter ever written on the matter called Unam Sanctum issued in 1302. Basically it was over who had the most power! The pope's moving from Rome to Avignon hurt their reputation and ultimately the Great Schism caused the papacy's final decline.

question

Unam Sanctum

answer

Pope Bonfice's letter explaining that his spiritual authority was greater than the temporary authority of the king issued in 1302. When it became apparent he was going to excommunicate King Philip IV the pope was captured to stand trial. He was rescued but the shock led to his death.

question

Avignon

answer

The place where the popes lived for most of the 14th century. Rome was the traditional residence of the pope and this was unpopular for them to live in Avignon and helped lead to the decline of in papal prestige. They moved to Avignon in an attempt to adapt to the changing economic and political conditions in Europe. Like the kings, the popes wanted to centralize their administration by developing specialized bureaucracy. In fact, the pope and cardinals became the most sophisticated administrative system in the world at that time. ***Avignon became a symbol of the abuses within the church!

question

Catherine of Siena

answer

A saintly woman who was sent by the city of Florence to see Pope Gregory XI in Avignon. She told the pope God had given her visions that since the pope had been given authority by God and he had accepted it he ought to use that virtue and power or if you wish not to you should quit (resign) your job and that would give more honor and glory to God.

question

The Great Schism

answer

A schism is a divide and this was a great divide in the Catholic Church. There were two popes, one in Rome and one in Avignon, both claiming power and saying ugly things about the other. The Great Schism lasted for nearly 40 years and it caused great harm to the church and Christianity with each calling the other names and fighting for people to follow them. It damaged the faith of many believers.

question

The Antichrist

answer

During the Great Schism, each pope denounced the other as the antichrist, an evil person the Bible says will help bring about the end of times.

question

Conciliarism

answer

A movement to reconcile or make up between the two popes to end the The Great Schism. The Holy Roman emperor, Sigismund, put together a new council and they got rid of the competing popes and elected a new one ending the Great Schism.

question

***What were the religious consequences of the Black Death?

answer

It caused people to think a great deal about death and salvation. Priests, who fled their parishes to avoid the plague were not always there to provide comfort. Many Christians responded by stressing "good works" and acts of charity to ensure their salvation. Family chapels rose to have priests offer Masses for the family members both alive and dead.

question

Purgatory

answer

The Catholic Church said this was a place the soul went after death to be purged of all punishment for sins committed in their life on earth before the soul could ascend to heaven. (The church taught you could pray other's out of purgatory and help by purchasing indulgences, payment for priest to pray or a contribution to the church)

question

Good deeds and pilgrimages

answer

The church taught good deeds and pilgrimages to Rome were to help you gain favor in God's eyes and get to heave quicker.

question

Meister Eckhart and mysticism

answer

Mysticism was the immediate experience of oneness with God. (as defined in the Middle Ages) Unlike the Catholic Church that taught you needed a priest to get to God, The German theologian preached anyone who pursued God whole-heartedly could have a union (relationship) with God. His movement spread throughout Germany into low countries where it was called the Modern Devotion.

question

Modern Devotion and Brothers of the Common Life

answer

Eckhart's movement took a new form called Modern Devotion founded by Gerar Groote (1340-1384) after a religious conversion...he taught to achieve true spiritual communion with God, people must imitate Jesus and lead lives dedicated to serving others. He attracted a group that became known as the Brothers of the Common Life.

question

William of Occam and nominalism

answer

William of Occam developed the idea of nominalism, which said that only things that could be seen, touched, smelled, heard or tasted were real. Other things were concepts and could not be proven that they were real. His idea weakened the idea that God was real and existed but encouraged the support for physical science.

question

the vernacular

answer

Vernacular means literature or the Bible in the people's own language rather than in Latin. This was important so the common person could read the ideas of authors and read the Bible.

question

Dante's Divine Comedy

answer

Dante was a popular and important writer in the late 13th and early 14th century. He wrote a very important poem in the Italian vernacular (language) called the Divine Comedy. It is the story of a soul's progression to salvation, which people were preoccupied thinking about in medieval times. The lengthy poem had three major sections dealing with the Catholic Church's teaching of three parts to the afterworld: hell, purgatory and heaven (or paradise). Dante is led through each area by a guide.

question

Petrarch's sonnets

answer

Petrarch was a famous Italian poet who wrote in the Italian vernacular (language). His famous poems, called sonnets, were about a married woman he loved for many years. His writings were more about his own thoughts and personality than the woman and revealed more individuality than previous poets and writers.

question

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales

answer

Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) brought a new level of sophistication to the English vernacular language in his famous Canerbury Tales. He was a pious Christian who wrote about 29 pilgrims going from London to Southwark to the tomb of St. Thomas a' Becket at Canterbury...he told of all types of English people, high and low born. HE showed a frustration with the church's corruption. His works were so popular his dialect became the main influence on the modern English language.

question

Christine de Pizan

answer

A famous French woman who wrote in the French vernacular poetry that argued against many teachings that women needed to be controlled by men.

question

Giotto

answer

A painter whose work marked the first clear innovation in the 14th century painting, making him a forerunner of the early Renaissance.

question

Francesco Traini, Triumph of Death

answer

This artist, Francesco Traini, painted a famous painting showing a group of young, powerful men on a hunt when they find three dead people in coffins. It was typical of art of the day that showed people's constant thoughts of death.

question

How did the black death help the women?

answer

After many men died it gave women a chance to take the jobs of men and be able to prove themselves.

question

What changed the peoples thought about day.

answer

The clock. They invented a clock to tell time. It changed how people thought about and used time.

question

Eyeglasses and Paper

answer

Along with the clock, these 14th century items were improved. Parchment paper was expensive so people wrote small and eyeglasses helped to read the smaller writing. Then newer paper made of cotton rags was invented and that helped spread the ability to write and share information.

question

Medical books beams more popular

answer

MEdical books during this time grew and were written in the everyday language (vernacular) of the people.

question

Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron

answer

This Italian writer wrote the Decameron to describe the Black Death and what it was like to live through the most terrifying natural disaster of the 14th century.

question

***To what extent were climate and disease key factors in producing economic and social changes?

answer

The little ice age contributed by creating great economic challenges with a food shortage. Then the disease which came from the Black Death, Bubonic plague and pneumonic plague were made worse due to the great malnutrition of the people. Together the climate and disease changed everything from breaking down all types of normal human relationships to changing the cost of labor, which went up, but the price of food and every other item went down during the Black Death. In addition, the social and economic structures were changed as many women began to take over jobs that there were no longer enough men to do.

question

***1) What is meant by vernacular literature? 2) Give some examples of 14th century vernacular literature and compare them to the literature of the 12th and 13th centuries. 3)Was there a significant change in subject matter? 4) Why or why not? 5) What common themes remained?

answer

1) Vernacular literature means writings in the common, everyday language of the people, not the official Latin language of the day. 2)Examples of 14th century vernacular literature are Chaucer's Canterbury Tales in England, Dante's Divine Comedy in Italy, Petrach's sonnets in Italy and Christine de Pizan's Book of the City of Ladies in France. 3, 4, 5)The Black Death and changes in the church were addressed by many of the vernacular writers, reflecting the post plague values of cynicism and gloom...but many of their writings continued to focus on universal and common themes of relationships and people. In that way there was not a significant changed in subject matter, but in sophistication and the language in which it was written.

question

The Four Humors

answer

Medicine was based in the Greek theory that there were "four humors" on which good health rested. Each area was based on an organ in the body: 1) blood from the heart 2) phlegm from the brain 3) yellow bile from the liver 4) black bile from the spleen These four humors in the human body related to the four elements in the universe: earth to the black bile, air to blood, fire to the yellow bile and water to the phlegm. The medical training taught that good health meant that the four humors were in balance. The goal of the doctor was to restore proper order to these humors when someone was sick through rest, diet, herbal medicines and bloodletting.

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