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Europeans Take to the Seas

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Europeans had traded with Asia long before the Renaissance. During the Middle Ages, the Crusades introduced Europeans to many luxury goods from Asia. Later, when Mongol empire united much of Asia in the 1200s and 1300s, Asian goods flowed to Europe along a complex overland trade routes. Marco Polo's tales of Chinese wealth and splendor fascinated Europeans.

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Motives

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-Muslim and Italian merchants controlled trade between Asia and Europe -Muslim traders brought spices and other prized goods -As the goods passed through western Mediterranean cities, prices on them only went up

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Improved technology

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-Cartographers -Astrolabe -Caravel

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Cartographers

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mapmakers

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Astrolabe

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an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

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Caravel

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A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

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Magnetic compass

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compass based on an indicator (as a magnetic needle) that points to the magnetic north

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Mercator projection

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A map which accurately shows directions and shapes but distorts distance and size

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Prince Henry-Henry the Navigator

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(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.

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Sagres

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city of Portugal, location of Prince Henry's navigation school

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Bartholomeu Dias

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Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)

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Vasco da Gama

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Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

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Calicut

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port on India's coast that Vasco da Gama reached on his voyage

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Christopher Columbus

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Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

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Ferdinand & Isabella

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This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition

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Line of Demarcation

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Divided the non-European world into two zones. Spain had the right to trade and explore lands west of the line. The next year, in the Treaty of Tordesillas, the two countries moved the line.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

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Amerigo Vespucci

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The Italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of America as a new world. America is named after him

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Vasco Nunez de Balboa

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Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

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El Paso

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a sea route through the Americas to the Indies

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Violence and Bloodshed

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Magellan miscalculated like Columbus. There was an outbreak of scurvy, which killed 19 crew members.

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Circumnavigate

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to sail around

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John Cabot

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Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)

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Jacques Cartier

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French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

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Henry Hudson

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Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America.

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Mainland

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-separated from rest of Asia by mountains and high plateaus. -the mountains also separated the four main river valleys of Southeast Asia- the Irrawaddy, Chao Pharaya, Mekong, and Red.

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Islands

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-All seaborne trade between China and India had to pass through either the Malacca or Sunda straits

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Trade routes

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-The monsoons shaped trading patterns in the "southern seas" -Ships traveled northeast in summer an southwest in winter -Southeast Asian ports became important centers of trade and culture -By the time of the Han Empire, an international trade network linked East Africa and the Middle East to India, Southeast Asia, and China

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Early traditions

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-At Bang Chiang in Thailand, archaeologists have found jars and even bronze bracelets at least 5,000 years old. -Isolated villages followed their own religious and cultural patterns -Many societies were built around the nuclear family rather than the joint families common in India and China

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Women

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-Female merchants took part in the spice trade, gaining fame for skills in bargaining, finance, and languages -Matrilineal descent was an accepted custom in Southeast Asia, and women also had some freedom in choosing or divorcing marriage partners

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Impact of India

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-Indian merchants and Hindu priests filtered into Southeast Asia, Slowly spreading their culture -Buddhist monks and scholars introduced Theravada beliefs

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Increasing contacts

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-Trade brought prosperity as merchants exchanged Indian cottons, jewels, and perfume for raw materials such as timber, spices, and gold. -Local Indian families exercised considerable power -People from Southeast Asia visited India as pilgrims or students.

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Islam

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-By the 1200s, Muslims ruled northern India. -Traders spread both Islamic beliefs and civilization throughout the islands of Indonesia and as far east as the Philippines

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New Kingdoms & Empires

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The blending of Indian influences with traditional ways produced a series of kingdoms and empires in Southeast Asia. Some of these states rivaled those of India

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Pagan

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-Arose in the fertile rice-growing Irrawaddy Valley in present-day Myanmar

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King Anawrata

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he united the region in 1044 (Myanmar), brought Buddhism to the burman people, filled his capital with stupas

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The Khmer Empire

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The _____________ was 'tied together' by a great system of major highways that covered approximately 500 miles

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Srivijaya

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A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes. (192)

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Vietnam

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The heart of northern Vietnam was the Red River delta. There, the river irrigated fertile rice padis, which fed a growing population

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Chinese domination

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China occupied Vietnam for about a thousand years. The Vietnamese expelled the Chinese in the 10th and 11th centuries.(Han Dynasty)

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Resistance

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Despite the powerful Chinese influences, the Vietnamese preserved a strong sense of their separate identity.

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Portugal's Empire in the East

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After Vasco da Gama's voyage, the Portuguese burst into the Indian Ocean. In 1510, they seized the island of Goa off the coast of India, making it their major base. Afonso de Albuquerque then moved to end Muslim power and make the Indian Ocean a "Portuguese lake."

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Goa

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Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the Western Indian Coast; site for forcible entry into the Asian sea trade network.

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Afonso de Albuquerque

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Portuguese naval/military leader who ended Muslim control of the Indian Ocean trade--took Goa, Moluccas, and held much of SE under Portuguese control

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Outposts

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a station set up to protect against enemy advances

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Impact

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Despite their sea power, the Portuguese remained on the fringe of Asian trade. They had neither the strength nor the resources to conquer much territory on land

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Rise of the Dutch

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First to challenge Portuguese domination in Asia and opened trade in China which brought wealth.

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Sea power

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-In 1599, a Dutch fleet returned to Amsterdam from Asia after more than a year's absence. It carried thousands of pounds of spices. -By the late 1500s, their warships and trading vessels put the Dutch in the forefront of European commerce.

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Cape Town

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city at the southern tip of Africa; became the first permanent European settlement in Africa in 1652; built by Dutch immigrants to supply ships sailing to or from the East Indies.

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Dutch dominance

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After Portuguese dominance, started with the failed Portuguese backed spanish armada, dominated with a merchant economy (fishing/shipping, and long distance trade with their east and west India Company

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Spice Islands

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a group of island in eastern Indonesia between Celebes and New Guinea that popular spices ran through

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Missionaries

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people sent out to carry a religious message; also focuses on converting non-Christians to Christianity

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Silver

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Large quantities of American silver flowed into the trade networks of East Asia

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Mughal India

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brought Muslim rule to India, Akbar the Great ruled and tolerated non-Muslims

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European Traders

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During Abkar's reign _________ ________ became prominent.

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British-French rivalry

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Fought for world dominance. Britain beat France in North America.

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Sepoy

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An Indian soldier serving under British command.

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Robert Clive

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British general and statesman whose victory at Plassey in 1757 strengthened British control of India (1725-1774)

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Raj

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British dominion over India (1757-1947)

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Mateo Ricci

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mid 16th to early 17th century, wanted to win over emperor wanted to communicate Jesus in Chinese way as a man of wisdom dress and manner of Confucian scholar elite parallels between Chinese thought and Christianity, translated 10 commandments

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Manchu Conquest

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Manchu invaders pushed through the great wall, seized Beijing, established Qing rule, "pure"

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Qing Rule

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1. Chinese had to learn the Manchu language 2. The Manchus could not marry the Chinese 3. Manchus attempted to stop foot-binding 4. The Manchus forced the Chinese men to wear a queue a. so the Manchus could tell who was Manchu & who was Chinese b. showed the Chinese were under Manchu authority (obidiant) Trade: -re-opened the Silk Road for trade -some overseas travel to India

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Kangxi

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Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.

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Quianlong

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1736-1796, stopped Mongol invasions and had dual government positions for Chinese and Manchu's

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Lord Macartney

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British diplomat; he visited China in 1793 to discuss expanding trade. He was sent away after his goods were found to be inferior and he refused to kowtow to the emperor

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The Hermit Kingdom

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This is the nickname given to the country of Korea because of their isolationists attitude.

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Japanese Invasion

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Bejing and Najing were overtaken and fell to Japan; they overtook most of coastal China: KMT retreated to deeper inland and this when Mao and the CCP took their opportunity for political power

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Tokugawa Shoguns

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Shoguns responsible for isolating Japan - led to Japan falling behind rest of world in technology & industry

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Spread of Christianity

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Priests preaches reached many, mainly the poor, the persecutions were great publicity as were martyrs. the idea of heaven,

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