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these were caused in the 1500's & 1600's by exploration, global discoveries, and overseas empires that brought a lot of wealth to Europe- competition and antagonism grew as each country wanted to increase its wealth at the expense of rival countries

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political wars

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As a result of the Reformation, these were started often in the 1500s and 1600s. Usually this was not the main reason for war, but rather the excuse to go to war for political gain.

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religious wars

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most crises in the 1500s and 1600s were ________ & __________

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political and religious

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a ruler who has unlimited power over his/her people; there are no representatives of the people; the King has the power to make laws, levy taxes for his advantage, administer justice, etc.

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Absolute monarchy

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the belief that a rulers authority comes from God; this means there is no earthly challenge to a monarch's authority because power comes from God & the monarch is God's representative on earth

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Divine Right of Kings

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5 countries with absolute monarchy in the 1500s-1800s

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Spain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, France

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also known as parliamentary or constitutional monarchy; parliament represents the people and limits the power of the King; prevents the monarch from ruling without the consent of the people; protects people from abuse of power

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Limited monarchy

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the #1 example of a limited monarchy

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England

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first real world power; acquired a large overseas empire as well as controlling other lands within Europe

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Spain

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united in the late 1400's under Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella (Catholic uniformity enforced by the Inquisition)

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Spain

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saw itself as the nation chosen by God to save Catholic Christianity from the Protestant heretics

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Spain

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grandson of Ferdinand & Isabella, son of Joanna the Mad; King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor; ruled from 1506-1556

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Charles V

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ruled during the 'heyday' of Spanish exploration

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Charles V

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Spanish Catholic king, threatened by the Reformation; Reformation happens when he is Holy Roman Emperor- outlaws Martin Luther

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Charles V

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wanted to re-create Catholic Western Europe yet failed; had to sign the Peace of Augsberg; frustrated by his failures, he resigned and became a monk

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Charles V

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rules Spain from 1556-1598; son of Emperor Charles V; married to Mary Tudor (of England) and briefly rules over Spain & England

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Phillip II

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ruled over a very powerful and wealthy Spain with gold and silver coming in from the American colonies

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Phillip II

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King Phillip II's name for himself; thought it was his duty to protect Catholics outside of his country, saw himself as the guardian of the Catholic Church

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Most Catholic King

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most Catholic King

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Phillip II

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"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England (ruled by Elizabeth) in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

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Spanish Armada

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A big fleet of warships; also used to mean an overwhelming number of something

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armada

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was a mess in the 1500's; the Protestant Reformation divided this country along religious lines; religious civil war shook the country as 2 families were fighting for power

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France

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the two religions fighting for majority and power in France in the 1500's (________ vs _________)

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Catholic vs Huguenot

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catholic family in 1500's France struggling for power

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Valois

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Huguenot family in 1500's France struggling for power

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Bourbon

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Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.

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Huguenot

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Six week nation wide slaughter of Huguenots. Occurred when Huguenot nobles were in Paris attending the marriage of Catherine de Medici's dughter to a Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre. (August 17, 1572)

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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

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Henry of Navarre; first Bourbon monarch

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Henry IV

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family that Henry IV came from and ruled France for 1600-1800

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Bourbon

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put an end to the religious civil wars between Huguenots and Catholic by issuing the Edict of Nantes and converting to Catholicism

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Henry IV

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famous quote by Henry IV, meant that his conversion to Catholicism was well worth the throne of France and peace throughout France

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Paris is well worth a mass

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1598; gives religious freedom to the Huguenots; issued by Henry IV

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Edict of Nantes

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established power and authority of the French monarchy in the late 1500s and early 1600s- led the way for absolute monarchy in France; LOVED by the people of France; ruled with "his ass in the saddle and a gun in his fist"

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Henry IV

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assassinated on May 14, 1610 by a fanatical Catholic named Ravaleigh

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Henry IV

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while England developed into a limited monarchy during the 1600's and 1700's, this country developed as an absolute monarchy during this time because the Estates General never came into session between 1614 and 1789 and monarchs claimed Divine Right

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France

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1610-1643; came to power at 9 years old when his father, Henry IV, was killed; never really learned how to be King (liked having money & power but didn't like making decisions)

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Louis XIII

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French king; Catholic; wasn't a bad king- just had no interest in being king; married Anne of Austria uniting France with the Hapsburgs, but it was not a happy marriage and the couple did not have kids until 20 years into the marriage

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Louis XIII

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appointed Cardinal Richelieu as his chief advisor because of his lack of desire to make important executive decisions as King of France

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Louis XIII

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Louis XIII's chief advisor; his main goal was to make the King's authority absolute and strengthen France's position internationally; he spied on nobility and took away the Huguenots political and military rights; BUT, he made France a great power in Europe by war; murdered by 3 men

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Cardinal Richelieu

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1643-1715; came to power when he was 5, his mother, Anne of Austria, ruled for him; appointed Cardinal Jules Mazarin to advise him; had to go into hiding due to civil disorder in France as a child which scarred him physiologically and would affect the way he would rule France

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Louis XIV

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longest reign in the history of Europe- 72 years! Best example of an absolute monarch

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Louis XIV

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famous quote "L'etat, c'est moi" = I am the state; absolute monarch in France

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Louis XIV

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Richelieu's successor as chief minister for the next child-king, the five-year-old Louis XIV; also hated by the people of France, caused turmoil that sent Louis XIV in to hiding; increased Louis' power though as an absolute monarch

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Cardinal Mazarin

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what Louis XIV referred to himself as; he was implying that the world (mainly France) revolved around him and that he was a light for his people

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Sun King

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the "Sun King"

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Louis XIV

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micromanaged the government to keep all the power in his own hands; he did this by controlling his ministers and advisors and by firing anyone who disagreed with what he said

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Louis XIV

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persecuted the Huguenots and revoked the Edict of Nantes causing 200,000 Huguenot nobles to flee France with a lot of tax money

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Louis XIV

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built the Palace of Versailles for himself because he did not trust the people of France and wanted to live outside the busy city of Paris; best example of his unlimited power and need for contol

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Louis XIV

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A large royal residence built in the seventeenth century by King Louis XIV of France, near Paris. The palace, with its lavishgardens and fountains, is a spectacular example of French classical architecture. 2,000 rooms, 8 football fields long, took 30 years to build and housed 10,000 people

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Palace of Versailles

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many noble families in Louis XIV's court were forced to move here in 1682 because Louis did not trust them and wanted to show them he was boss; they were forced to wait upon his and court his favor; it was a lavish lifestyle and Louis paid for everything

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Palace of Versailles

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cost of the Palace of Versailles in American money today ($5 million then)

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4 billion

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"I am the state"

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L'etat C'est Moi

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economic/ finance manager to Louis XIV, advisor on all things economic; developed France's economy by exporting more than France imported and making sure the artisans and merchants of France had everything they needed to do well; kept France from going bankrupt despite Louis XIV's extravagant spending

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Jean Baptiste Colbert

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successes: ruled for 72 years, built up the French military from 70,000 to 200,000 soldiers and created French culture that replaced the Renaissance style that had dominated Europe for 100 years

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Louis XIV

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fought 4 costly wars in an attempt to gain power and land for France and glory for himself; lost the War of Spanish Succession; when he died in 1715 France was the strongest country in Europe but it was virtually bankrupt

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Louis XIV

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a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family (under Louis XIV) from controlling Spain as well as France since Louis was the closest male relative to take the throne after phillip's line died out

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War of Spanish Succession

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1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire

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Treaty of Utrecht

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century in England when there were very few religious problems because of Tudor rule; stable religiously and politically; good relationship between parliament and monarchs; England became a world power and leader of Protestant nations

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1500s

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family that ruled England from1485-1603; overall, very popular and powerful family; good relationship with Parliament, consulted them on all decisions; stable religiously and politically until the death of Elizabeth I

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Tudor

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rules England from 1558-1603; strong, intelligent, moderate, cautious, self- confident; knew how to finesse Parliament and please her subjects; supported the arts, Shakespeare in particular, modified the Anglican Church to make it more acceptable to Catholic in England; never married to avoid sharing power with a husband; LAST OF THE TUDORS ):

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Elizabeth I

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Britain's law-making assembly; got along well with Tudors- bad with the Stuarts

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Parliament

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when Elizabeth I died without an heir, the Tudor dynasty came to an end and was replaced with this family, the monarchs of Scotland; this family believed in absolute monarchy and Divine Right; unpopular with the people of England and Parliament

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Stuarts

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"century of revolution" in England; Tudor dynasty ended and Stuart dynasty began; major split in Protestantism within England (Anglican vs Puritan)

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1600s

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A group of Anglicans in England who wanted to purify their church of Catholic ways; important part of the House of Commons

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Puritans

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house of Parliament that Puritans were an important part of

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Commons

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also known as _____ IV of Scotland; ruled England from 1603-1625; first Stuart king of England; discriminated against Puritans and caused many to leave for the New World for religious freedom; clashed with Parliament for his need for money; believed in Divine Right

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James I

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1625-1649; son of James I, also a believer in Divine Right and absolute monarchy for England; same attitude towards Parliament and the Puritans as his father

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Charles I

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Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land; CHARLES IGNORED IT

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Petition of Right

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1642- 1649; civil war between Charles and Parliament over the absolute authority of the King

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English Civil War

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A group consisting of puritans, country land owners, and town based manufacturers, led by Oliver Cromwell; fought against the Cavaliers during the English civil war

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Roundheads

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Supporters of government by a monarch; used as a name for supported of England's King Charles I; aka Cavaliers

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Royalists

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led the Roundheads in the English Civil war; eventually created a Commonwealth and became Lord Protector of England and ruled as a military dictator; Strong puritan and enforced a Puritan morality/ code; put down rebellions in Ireland

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Oliver Cromwell

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The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy; voted for Charles I's execution; very biased and mostly Puritan

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Rump Parliament

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a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

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Commonwealth

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1649-1660; under Oliver Cromwell; new model army (red coats); put down Catholic rebellions in Ireland; puritan morality and code, created a theocracy and banned theater/dance/music

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Puritan rule

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brought back the monarchy (Stuart family, unfortunately) to England after Oliver Cromwell died and Puritan rule ended; very exciting for the people of England

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The Restoration

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Surprisingly good King of England even though he was a Stuart; first King after the Restoration; asked by Parliament to come back from exile to rule England under certain conditions

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Charles II

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"the Merry Monarch"; king of England from 1660-1685; did his best not to antagonize Parliament; brought back 'fun' things after Puritan rule; signed the Habeas Corpus Act

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Charles II

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ruled during the return of the plague to England and the Great Fire of London

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Charles II

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Parliamentary measure protecting people from arbitrary arrest and unfair imprisonment. According to this, an arrested individual must be seized with a specific charge and brought before a judge; signed by Charles II

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Habeas Corpus Act

question

fire that devastated the city of London in 1666; resulted in the destruction of thousands of homes, churches, and public buildings and the deaths of some 68,000 people; BUT, did kill the rats and fleas that carried the Plague and allowed London to be rebuilt more modernly with stone rather than wood

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Great Fire of London

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1685-1688; brother to Charles II, son of Charles I; tried to revive Divine Right which irked Parliament and the English people politically; he was Catholic and raised his son Catholic; was forced by Parliament to step down during the Bloodless Revolution

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James II

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1688; Parliament feared the newborn son of James II by his Catholic wife would mean a hereditary Catholic monarchy in England; the King was forced to step down and give the throne to his daughter Mary and her husband William; revolution in which no one died or was harmed

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Glorious Revolution

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document that was signed by William and Mary before they could take the throne; basically stated that Parliament is supreme over the monarchy and gives the king & queen limited power; makes monarchs subject to the same laws ad the common people and gives Parliament control of the money; England

answer

Bill of Rights

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Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution along with James II's daughter, Mary

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William of Orange

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King and Queen of England from 1689 to 1702. They were placed on the throne as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and ruled as limited monarchs under the Bill of Rights

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William and Mary

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political philosopher; lived through the English Civil War and the Commonwealth; saw King Charles I, his close friend, beheaded; was a tutor to Charles II and James II; had a very negative view of human nature; "Leviathan"- absolute monarchy was the way to go

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Thomas Hobbes

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witnessed the Glorious Revolution, saw England move peacefully toward a more democratic government; English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

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John Locke

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last stuart monarch in England- sister of Mary, daughter of James II; had many children but none lived to adulthood; signed the Act of Union in 1707

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Anne

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1707; signed by Queen Anne; merged England and Scotland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain (also controlled Wales & Ireland at this time)

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Act of Union

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1714- 1727; from Germany but becomes King of England when Anne dies because he is the closest male relative to Anne who was also Protestant; didn't speak English nor did he understand the English government; basically a figurehead

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George I

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made the monarchy of England more or less a figurehead; let the Prime Minister, Robert Walpole, make all the decisions; led England to a constitutional monarchy

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George I

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first Prime Minister for England; head of Parliament and advisor to George I; answered to the elected members of the House of Commons

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Robert Walpole

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Head of Parliament

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Prime minister

question

a government whose power is defined and limited by law, A form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body.

answer

Constitutional Monarchy

question

country heavily influenced by the Byzantine Empire; mix of Rus, Slavic, and Norse people; came under the control and influence of the Mongols/ Tartars from 1236-1480); isolated from Western Europe

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Russia

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Land owning aristocracy in early Russia; nobles in Russia

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Boyars

question

controlled most of the power in Russia before the czars

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Church officials and boyars

question

1547-1584; first Czar of Russia; married to Anastasia Romanov; had both a good and bad period

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Ivan IV

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council of merchants and nobles created by Ivan the Terrible for Russia; like a legislature/"Parliament"

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Zemsky Sobor

question

made legal reforms for the good of the Russian people; promoted military men based on merit; expanded the borders of Russia; created the Zemsky Sobor

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Ivan IV

question

Czar; paranoid, used fear to control his people; created a secret police- the Oprichniki- to punish all who opposed him; killed his own son and his unborn baby leaving Russia without an heir

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Ivan IV

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A Russian emperor; modeled after Roman 'Caesar'

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Czar

question

the secret police force for Russia's Ivan IV. They were those that were loyal to Ivan. Therefore, they recieved much land and terrorized the others; dressed in all black, road black horses and went out only in the dead of night

answer

Oprichniki

question

elected by the Zemsky Sobor as czar after the Time of Trouble (post Ivan IV); first of the Romanov family

answer

Michael Romanov

question

family that ruled Russia from 1613-1917; ruled as absolute monarchs- the Zemsky Sobor died out in 1682; made serfdom a legal institution in Russia

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Romanov

question

Czar from 1682-1725; Romanov; 10 years old when he inherits power so ruled with his sister Sophia and his mentally disabled half- brother until he died (mysteriously); 6'9, course, wouldn't of 'fit in' with the kings of Europe, funny and charming to the people of Russia... killed his own son???

answer

Peter the Great

question

main goal as czar: modernize and westernize Russia so he went in disguise as a commoner to Europe and brought back teachers, artists, scientists, etc. to help him modernize; FORCED it on the Russian people and would execute those who opposed

answer

Peter the Great

question

To modernize or make country more like European countries. (Russia)

answer

westernize

question

originally a Swedish port on the Baltic Sea; won by Peter the Great; semi- warm water port for trade with Europe; city built in Western style

answer

St. Petersburg

question

German princess who married Czar Peter III; had an affair with the head of the military and gained full power as Czarina when Peter died in jail; educated the boyars; expanded Russia in parts of Polland and through a port on the Black Sea; ruled absolutely because she feared being taken advantage of; treated serfs poorly

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Catherine the Great

question

"the last of the religious wars"; religious war that becomes a complicated political war involving most of Europe; started out a local conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor closing Protestant churches

answer

Thirty Years War

question

joined the Holy Roman Emperor in the 30 Year's War

answer

Spain

question

joined the Protestant side along with Denmark and Sweden in the 30 Year's war for purely political reasons

answer

France

question

hurt the most by the 30 Year's War

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Germany

question

ceased to exist after the 30 Year's War

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Holy Roman Empire

question

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

answer

Treaty of Westphalia

question

powerful German state; ruled by the Hapsburg family; will become and absolute monarchy in the 1700s; very culturally diverse and difficult to unite because of the size

answer

Austria

question

(1713) stated that Habsburg possessions were never to be divided, even if it meant allowing a woman to take the throne; signed by Charles VI & all the surrounding countries/ people of Austria so Maria Theresa could rule

answer

Pragmatic Sanction

question

ruled Austria since 1273; made alliances with other European nations through marriage to monarchs of Spain and France, many were also Holy Roman Emperors

answer

Hapsburg family

question

(Ruled 1740-1780) Daughter of Charles VI, who's inheritance of the Austrian throne sparked the War of the Austrian Succession.

answer

Maria Theresa

question

country that no longer exists but WAS a world power and the strongest military power in Europe after the Seven Years' War, violated the Pragmatic Sanction and was ruled by the Hohenzollern family

answer

Prussia

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