Chapter 2: The Middle Ages and Renaissance – Flashcards
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What is the texture of Gregorian chant?
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monophonic
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Why is there no clear sense of meter or rhythm in Gregorian chant?
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precise time values were not notated
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The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris is an example of which style of architecture?
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gothic
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The foremost composer in 14th century France was...
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Gillaume de Machaut
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What sparked the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe?
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The disintegration of the Roman Empire
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The middle ages lasted for approximately how many years?
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1,000
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The term Ars Nova refers to what?
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French and Italian music of the 14th century
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Contradicting the established orthodoxy or norms of church doctrine in the Middle Ages and was often punished by imprisonment or death:
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heresy
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What two types of services were observed by medieval monks and nuns?
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office and mass
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What 1215 document is considered to be the first constitution?
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Magna Carta
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Josquin Desprez's "Ave Maria" was written for how many voices?
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four
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Much of the instrumental music composed during the Renaissance was meant for what form of entertainment?
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dancing
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The dominant intellectual movement of the Renaissance was:
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humanism
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A stately dance in duple meter similar to the Pavane.
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passamezzo
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The "Triumphes Of Oriana" was written and dedicated to whom?
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Queen Elizabeth I
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The posting of his 95 Theses in 1517 sparked the Protestant Reformation.
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Martin Luther
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In what country did the madrigal originate?
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Italy
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The sections of the Renaissance mass in order are:
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Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei
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The texture of Renaissance music is primarily:
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polyphonic
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One or more long, sustained tones accompanying a melody.
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drone
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Which Middle Ages Gregorian chant from our study alternates between a soloist and a choir singing in unison?
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Alleluia: Vidimus stellam
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When was the organ introduced for use in the Mass?
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After the year 1,000
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What is a Renaissance lute song?
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A vocal work with lute accompaniment popular in secular music.
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Where was the center for polyphonic music in Europe after 1150?
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Paris
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Where did the Renaissance originate?
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Italy
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What is the significance of the School of Notre Dame?
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Composers of the School of Notre Dame produced specific written notation for almost any rhythm.
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What is a minstrel?
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A minstrel performed music and acrobatics in castles, taverns, and town squares.
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What were the three social classes in the Middle Ages?
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Nobility, peasants, and clergy
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Which famous queen and what famous author/playwright lived during the Renaissance?
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Queen Elizabeth I and William Shakespeare
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The earliest surviving chant manuscripts date form about the _______ century.
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9th
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What are the dates for the Middle Ages?
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450-1450
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What is organum?
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One or more additional melodic lines added to original Gregorian chant.
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What is Gregorian chant?
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A melody set to sacred Latin texts with no accompaniment (monophonic).
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What is a cappella?
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Unaccompanied vocal music with no need for instrumental accompaniment.
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What 15th century innovation had the greatest impact on education and music?
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The invention of the printing press
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What is measured rhythm?
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Music written with definite time values and clearly defined meter.
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In what year was the madrigal introduced to England and why is this significant?
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1588 - inspired a 30-year period of madrigal-writing in England.
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What two composers are associated with the School of Notre Dame?
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Leonin and Perotin
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During the Middle Ages, most important musicians belonged to which social class?
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clergy
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What is a lute?
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A plucked string instrument with a body shaped like half a pear.
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What is the estampie?
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A medieval dance and our earliest surviving example of instrumental music.
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What does the word "Renaissance" mean?
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Rebirth or reawakening
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What were the two forms of sacred music during the Renaissance and what is the difference between the two?
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Mass and motet - both are set to sacred Latin texts, but the mass uses on texts from the five sections of the mass ordinary.
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Gregorian Chant is named after which Pope?
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Pope Gregory I
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What are the dates for the Renaissance?
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1450-1600
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What is Humanism and what impact did the movement have on music during the Renaissance?
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Humanism is a philosophy of emphasis on human worth, creativity, and capacity. As a result, the relationship between text and music became more important and emotional, there was an overall shift in creativity, and composers sought recognition for their work.
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Guillaume de Machaut's secular song "Puis qu'en sui de vous" was witten in what form?
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Rondeau
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A well-rounded education in the Renaissance consisted of what two art forms?
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Music and dance
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What are the church modes?
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The basic scales of western music during the Middle Ages and Renaissance; similar to our modern major and minor scales but with a different whole and half step pattern.
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What are troubadours and trouveres? Is there a difference between the two?
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Noble poet-musicians from France; troubadours were form southern France while trouveres were from northern France.
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Explain the 14th century cultural shift that lead to the development of Ars Nova?
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After enduring events such as the Hundred Years' War and the Bubonic Plague, the feudal system was weakened and the influence of the Catholic Church lessened. Life revolved more around earthly matters than spiritual, which lead to the creation of new, more entertaining music.
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What was Palestrina's importance to sacred music of the Renaissance?
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Palestrina's masses were seen as the example of what church music should sound like.
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What impact did the Council of Trent have on sacred music during the Renaissance?
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Placed limitations on the kinds of music appropriate for use during services.
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What is the name of an important female composer during the Middle Ages?
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Hildegard of Bingen
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Explain the difference between sacred and secular music.
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Sacred music refers to music used for religious purposes and secular music was used outside the church.
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What were the two forms of secular music during the Renaissance?
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Madrigal and lute song
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What is the madrigal?
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A piece for several solo voices set to a short poem, usually about love.
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Why were musical instruments not used in the church during the Middle Ages?
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Instruments were too closely associated with pagan rituals and were seen as a distraction during worship.
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What happened in the evolution of instrumental music during the 16th century?
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Instrumental music gained independence from vocal music. More music was written for instruments alone with no voice.
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Explain the shift in musical patronage during the Renaissance.
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Patronage shifted from the church to the courts. Musicians enjoyed a rise in social status and higher pay.
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What is word painting?
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Musical depiction of specific words.
