Chapter 3: The Reformation in Europe 1517-1600 – Flashcards
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German priest and preacher who began the protestant reformation in the early 1500s
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Martin Luther
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Its goal was to reform the Catholic Church/ Believed reading the classics would lead people to become more religious/ Aka Northern Renaissance humanism
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Christian humanism
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Best known Christian humanist/ Believed Christianity should show people how to lead good lives/ Simpler days (no fasts or relics)/ Wrote "the Praise of the Folly"
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Desiderius Erasmus
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Criticizes society's morals and religious state
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"The Praise of the Folly"
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What could venerating a relic do?
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Gain someone an indulgence
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A document sold my the Church and signed by the Pope that released the bearer from all or part of the punishment for sin
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Indulgence
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Downplayed Church practices and stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus
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Modern Devotion
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Believed that humans are not saved through good works but through their faith in God/ Justification by faith
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Martin Luther
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What angered Luther the most?
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The selling of indulgences
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A monk who sold indulgences to raise money for St. Peter's Basilica/ Told people that the indulgence would free the souls of their loved ones from purgatory
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Johan Tetzel
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What did Luther post on the door of the Wittenberg Catholic Church, spreading to all parts of Germany?
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Ninety Five Thesis
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What did Luther call on the German princes to do?
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Overthrow the papacy/ Establish a reformed German church
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What was Luther's stance on marriage?
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Clergy could marry
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What did the Pope do to Luther?
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He excommunicated him
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Where and who was Luther summoned to appear before?
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The imperial diet of worms/ Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V
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Who made Luther an outlaw in the empire and demanded his works be burned and he be captured?
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The Edict of Worms
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The elector/prince of Saxony/ Sent Luther into hiding and protected him when he returned to Wittenberg
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Frederick III
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Luther started a sort of revolution causing who to take control of the Catholic Churches in their territories?
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German rulers
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Luther's doctrine/religion/ First Protestant faith
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Lutheranism
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How did Charles intend to preserve his empire?
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By keeping it Catholic
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Who was Charles unable to defeat and why?
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Lutheran princes/ They were too well organized
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An end to religious warfare in Germany/ Formally accepted the division of Christianity and German state rulers were free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism
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The Peace of Augsburg
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Where did a new Protestant group arise?
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Switzerland
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A priest in the city of Zürich/ Removed paintings and decoration from churches/ Replaced Catholic mass
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Ulrich Zwingli
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Why did German and Swiss reformers unify?
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To defend themselves against Christian authorities
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What didn't the Swiss and German Protestants agree on?
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Pre destination
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After Zwingli was killed, who became the new leader of Protestantism in Switzerland? He believed in justification and pre destination
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John Calvin
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A book published by John Calvin that discussed his thoughts on Protestantism and helped him gain a reputation
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"Institutes of the Christian Religion"
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In what city did Calvin create a theocracy?
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Geneva
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To use church leaders and non clergy in service
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Theocracy
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The Calvinist reformer of Scotland
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John Knox
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He dissolved the monasteries
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King Henry VIII
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He annulled the king's first marriage/ Archbishop of Canterbury
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Thomas Cranberry
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Who finalized England's break between the Pope and the Catholic Church?
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Parliament
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Declared that the king was the supreme ruler and had control over religious doctrine, clerical appointments and discipline
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The Act of Supremacy of 1534
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Christian humanist and devout Catholic/ Opposed the King's divorce and separation from Catholicism/ Lord Chancellor to the King/ Beheaded
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Thomas Moore
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A book wrote by Thomas Moore discussing the political and philosophical parts of a perfect society
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"Utopia"
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Who succeeded the King? And who took control during his reign?
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Edward VI/ Protestant Church officials
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Who came to throne after Henry? And what did she do?
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His daughter, Mary I/ Restored England to Roman Catholicism
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Radicals who believed in complete desperation of church and state/ Believed in adult baptism/ Refused to hold political office and bear arms/ Believed all believers were equal
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Anabaptists
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Where did many anabaptists settle after being persecuted?
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Münster
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Who did Münster become an anabaptists sanctuary under?
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John of Leiden
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How did the Protestant Reformation have an important effect on education?
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Teachers used humanist methods/ Schools were aimed at wider audiences
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What did Protestants abolish?
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Monasticism and the requirement of celibacy for clergy
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The hostility or discrimination against Jews
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Anti Semitism
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What did Luther do to Jews if they didn't convert?
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Destroyed their homes and houses of worship
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What did Catholics do to Jews if they didn't convert?
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Forced them to live in ghettos
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Spanish nobleman who founded the Jesuits
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Ignatius of Loyola
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Spanish nun who promoted the Carmelite order and founded a small convent
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Teresa of Ávila
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He named a Reform Commission to reform the papacy/ Called the Council of Trent
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Pope Paul III
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After 18 years, what did the Council of Trent decide?
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They reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings (faith and good works were needed for salvation, seven sacraments, Eucharist, clerical celibacy, purgatory)/ The only difference was that the selling of indulgences was now forbidden
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Why was the Peace of Augsburg politically necessary?
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Christianity was the key element that unified the German states/ When they started splitting off into different views, war broke out and Germany's social bounds were breaking/ The POA unified the states again by allowing them to choose between the two faiths and ended religious warfare
