question

Why was the defecating duck such a sensation in Paris in 1739? What did it have to do with the development of the new psychology?

answer

The defecating duck was so popular because of it was a part of the new fascination with machines. The new psychology would later revolve around machine-like qualities.

question

Explain the concept of mechanism. How did it come to be applied to human beings?

answer

Mechanism is the doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry. At the time, people were hypothesizing that the human body and brain worked like a clock.

question

How did the development of clocks and automata relate to the ideas of determinism and reductionism?

answer

Determinism is the doctrine that acts determined by past events. The clock metaphor is the idea that the universe will continue to function like a clock without any outside help; its events are determined by patterned past events. The automata relate to the theory of reductionism because we understand how automata work by analyzing its parts, which is what the theory of reductionism is about.

question

Why were clocks considered to be models for the physical universe?

answer

Because the regularity, predictability, and precision of clocks.

question

What were the implications of Babbage's calculating engine for the new psychology? Describe the contribution of Ada Lovelace to Babbage's work.

answer

His calculating machine, a forerunner of the modern demanded, marked the first successful attempt to duplicate human cognitive processes and develop a form of artificial intelligence. Ada Lovelace was known as the first computer programmer because she created the first algorithm intended to be processed by Babbage's machine.

question

How did Descartes's views on the mind-body problem differ from earlier views?

answer

The mind influences the body, but the body exerts a greater influence on the mind - it is a mutual relationship.

question

How did Descartes explain the functioning and interaction of the human body and the human mind? What is the role of the conarium?

answer

The mind is free; it is unextended and lack physical substance. The body's substance is matter, so it has extension (it takes up space) and to operate according to mechanical principles. The conarium is the site of the mind-body interaction.

question

What distinctions did Descates make between innate ideas and derived ideas?

answer

Derived ideas occur from the immediate application of an external stimulus; are products of the experiences of the senses. Innate ideas are developed within the mind rather than from experiences.

question

Define positivism, materialism, and empiricism. What contributions did each viewpoint make to the new psychology?

answer

- Positivism is the doctrine that recognizes only natural phenomena/facts that are objectively observable. - Materialism is the doctrine that considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter. - Empiricism is the pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and the attribution of all knowledge to experience. These viewpoints were the cornerstones of the emerging science, with empiricism having the greatest impact.

question

Describe Locke's definition of empiricism. Discuss his concepts of sensation and reflection and of simple and complex ideas.

answer

Locke believed that all knowledge was empirically derived. Everything had to be learned. There are no innate ideas. Sensation is the input from external physical objects experienced as sense impressions (memorization). Reflection is when the mind operates on the sense impression to produce ideas (application). Simple ideas can arise from sensations or reflections, while complex ideas are the creation of new ideas through reflection.

question

What is the mental-chemistry approach to association? How does it relate to the idea that the mind is like a machine?

answer

Mental-chemistry is the notion of combining or compounding ideas and analyzing them. Association is the idea that simple ideas may be linked to form complex ideas. This relates to the mind being like a machine because the elements of the mind cannot be broken down into simpler elements, but like their counterparts in the material world, they can combine to form complex structures.

question

How did Berkeley's idea challenge Locke's distinction between primary and secondary qualities? What did Berkeley mean by the phrase "perception is the only reality"?

answer

He believed that there were only secondary qualities because all knowledge was a function of or depended on the experience of the perceiving person. Berkely meant "perception is the only reality" because we cannot know the certainty the nature of the physical objects in the experimental world.

question

Compare the explanations of association offered by James Mill and John Stuart Mill.

answer

James Mill believed association is totally automatic and passive, so the mind has no creative function. John Stuart Mill believed the mind played an active role in association.

question

Which of the following ideas has psychology borrowed from natural physics? a. effects are predictable and measurable b. the laws of association c. the paradigm of the source or identity of "cause" d. the deductive method of logic e. the nature of human beings is basically good,

answer

a. effects are predictable and measurable

question

In the 20th century, Hull described and explained behavior by mathematical formulas, axioms, and postulates. Thus, he illustrated whose notion that certainty of knowledge is accomplished by the application of mathematics to science? a. Locke's b. Descartes's c. Kepler's d. John Stuart Mill's e. Berkeley's

answer

b. Descartes's

question

The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry is ____. a. reductionism b. materialism c. mechanism d. empiricism e. positivism

answer

c. mechanism

question

According to the textbook, the dominant idea of the 17th century was ____. a. Zeitgeist b. entertainment c. water d. mechanism e. making it to the 18th century

answer

d. mechanism

question

The Zeitgeist of 17th- to 19th-century Europe and of the United States was marked by ____. a. scientific revolution b. political revolution c. determinism d. humanism e. mechanism

answer

e. mechanism

question

The theories of mechanism that invoke the movement of atoms to explain the universe were developed by ____. a. Locke and Berkeley b. La Mettrie and Condillac c. Newton and Hume d. Newton and Galileo e. Galileo and Copernicus

answer

d. Newton and Galileo

question

Which of the following ideas has psychology borrowed from natural physics? a. effects are predictable and measurable b. the nature of human beings is basically good, moving toward self-actualization c. the paradigm of the source or identity of "cause" d. the laws of association e. the deductive method of logic

answer

a. effects are predictable and measurable

question

What invention was considered the perfect metaphor for the "spirit of mechanism"? a. automobile b. pneumatic pressure c. metronome d. clock e. computer

answer

d. clock

question

The doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas) is ____. a. reductionism b. determinism c. mechanism d. positivism e. materialism

answer

a. reductionism

question

Seventeenth century philosophers and scientists argued that like clocks and the universe, ____ are regular, predictable, observable and measurable. a. God and/or other deities b. nonconscious processes c. human beings d. cognitive processes e. characteristics of self-actualization

answer

c. human beings

question

____ are mechanized figures that could almost perfectly duplicate the movements of living things. a. Elements b. Automata c. Psychomata d. Mannequins e. Robots

answer

b. Automata

question

Philosophers and scientists joined in agreement that ____. a. psychology must be an independent science b. there is both an unconscious and a nonconscious c. human functioning and behavior are governed by mechanical laws d. experimental and quantitative methods could be applied to the study of human nature e. the dictates of religious figures about human behavior had to be countered and/or refuted

answer

d. experimental and quantitative methods could be applied to the study of human nature

question

______ was the first successful demonstration of artificial intelligence. a. Galileo's telescope b. Babbage's calculating machine c. La Mettrie's self-winding watch d. Descartes's automata e. Newton's clocks

answer

b. Babbage's calculating machine

question

Who published a clear explanation of how the calculating machine functioned and pointed out its potential use and implications? a. Babbage b. La Mettrie c. Lovelace d. Descartes e. Locke

answer

c. Lovelace

question

The pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and the attribution of all knowledge to experience is ____. a. mentalism b. empiricism c. positivism d. materialism e. None of the choices are correct.

answer

b. empiricism

question

Who can be said to have inaugurated the era of modern psychology? a. Babbage b. Descartes c. La Mettrie d. Locke e. Comte

answer

b. Descartes

question

For Descartes, the application of mathematical principles to sciences would produce ____. a. theorems of human nature b. laws of physics c. principles d. religious conviction e. certainty of knowledge

answer

e. certainty of knowledge

question

Before Descartes, the accepted point of view was that the interaction between mind and body was essentially unidirectional, that ____. a. the body influenced the mind b. the mind influenced the body c. the soul influenced both the body and mind d. the mind and body influenced each other e. the vital force influenced both the mind and the body

answer

b. the mind influenced the body

question

Descartes's dualism was novel in its emphasis on the ____. a. interaction between mind and spirit b. influence of the mind on the body c. influence of the body on the mind d. parallel but non-interacting functioning of the mind and body e. predominance of unconscious mental forces

answer

c. influence of the body on the mind

question

Descartes argued that all processes are functions of the body except ____. a. reflexes b. will c. perception d. sensation e. thought

answer

e. thought

question

Descartes makes a case that because the body is matter the laws of ____ apply. a. materialism b. biology c. mechanics d. reflexes e. mathematics

answer

c. mechanics

question

The body will respond without any internal conscious intent to some external stimulus. This fact illustrates Descartes' principle of ____. a. undulatio reflexa b. Einfall c. cogito ergo sum d. esse est percipi e. spring action

answer

a. undulatio reflexa

question

In modern terminology, Descartes would argue that if the inputs are known, the behavioral outputs can be predicted. Thus, he is an intellectual ancestor of ____. a. behaviorism b. functionalism c. structuralism d. the French materialists e. S-R psychology

answer

e. S-R psychology

question

The response of salivation following the stimulus of food on the tongue is an illustration of Descartes' ____. a. reflex action theory b. theory of respondent behavior c. theory of operant behavior d. cogito ergo sum theory e. Einfall theory

answer

a. reflex action theory

question

Under Descartes's reflex action theory, an external stimulus can bring about a(n)____ physical response. a. theoretical b. involuntary c. intense d. painful e. conscious

answer

b. involuntary

question

Which of the following statements best describes Descartes' dualistic theory of human nature? a. The mind directs all the activities of the body. b. The body directly controls the activities of the mind. c. The brain contains derived ideas; the mind contains innate ideas. d. The mind and body mutually influence each other's actions. e. None of the choices are correct.

answer

d. The mind and body mutually influence each other's actions.

question

Descartes's term for the site of body-mind interaction was the ____, because it is ____. a. conarium; duplicated in both brain hemispheres b. conarium; not duplicated in both brain hemispheres c. undulatio reflexa; duplicated in both brain hemispheres d. undulatio reflexa; not duplicated in both brain hemispheres e. pineal gland; located near the heart

answer

b. conarium; not duplicated in both brain hemispheres

question

Which of the following is an example of a derived idea? a. Solving an algebra equation. b. Memorizing a history lesson. c. Philosophy. d. Playing the guitar. e. Seeing a forest.

answer

e. Seeing a forest.

question

Descartes posited that the mind-body interaction occurred in the ____. a. heart b. brain as a whole c. pineal body d. frontal lobes e. corpus callosum

answer

c. pineal body

question

According to Descartes, the pineal gland was the part of the brain ____. a. where innate ideas are stored b. where derived ideas are stored c. that controlled the activities of the mind d. where the mind and body interact e. where all ideas are stored

answer

d. where the mind and body interact

question

Descartes proposed that the mind produces two kinds of ideas, ____ and ____. a. derived; innate b. body; mind c. reasonable; wacky d. right; wrong e. abstract; pseudo-abstract

answer

a. derived; innate

question

Derived ideas ____. a. come from God b. are part of our genetic makeup when we are born c. arise from the direct application of an external stimulus d. come into being as a consequence of being socialized into society e. are taken from innate ideas

answer

c. arise from the direct application of an external stimulus

question

Which of the following is an example of an innate idea? a. flowers b. sweetness c. tone d. machines e. infinity

answer

e. infinity

question

Which of the following is a contribution of Rene Descartes to modern psychology? a. a mechanistic conception of the body. b. the theory of reflex action. c. mind-body interaction. d. localization of mental function in the brain. e. All of the choices are correct.

answer

e. All of the choices are correct.

question

The idea of a house is an example of Descartes' notion of ____. a. innate ideas b. undulatio reflexa c. derived ideas d. simple ideas e. complex ideas

answer

c. derived ideas

question

Descartes theorized that we are born with knowledge of the axioms of geometry. Thus, these axioms are ____ ideas. a. innate b. derived c. synthetic d. simple e. complex

answer

a. innate

question

The doctrine of ____ is important because it stimulated opposition among early empiricists and associationists. a. derived ideas b. innate ideas c. idea principles d. simple ideas

answer

b. innate ideas

question

The doctrine that recognizes only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable is ____. a. materialism b. empiricism c. positivism d. mechanism e. reductionism

answer

c. positivism

question

Both the term and concept of positivism represent the thought of ____. a. Descartes b. Comte c. Locke d. Berkeley e. Mill

answer

b. Comte

question

In eyewitness testimony, one swears that what one has observed accurately depicts reality. Because this "fact" has not been determined through the methods of science, it does not meet Comtes' strictest application of ____. a. positivism b. determinism c. complex ideas d. materialism e. mechanism

answer

a. positivism

question

The doctrine that considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter is ____. a. positivism b. materialism c. mentalism d. immaterialism e. reductionism

answer

b. materialism

question

Those who argue today that behavior is no more than the action of chemicals and electrical events in the brain might be labeled "modern ____." a. empiricists b. positivists c. materialists d. associationists e. determinists

answer

c. materialists

question

Locke's ____ marks the formal beginning of British empiricism. a. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding b. A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge c. An Essay Toward a New Theory of Vision d. A Treatise of Human Nature e. Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations

answer

a. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

question

A fundamental difference between Descartes's psychology and that of Locke was their position about the existence of ____. a. innate ideas b. derived ideas c. idea doctrines d. simple ideas e. complex ideas

answer

a. innate ideas

question

John Locke disagreed with the doctrine of innate ideas. According to Locke, ____. a. innate ideas once existed in the human mind, but modern humans do not have them b. innate ideas only exist in the most intelligent human beings; most people do not have innate ideas c. innate ideas stay in the unconscious mind and never reach the level of consciousness d. the mind is a blank slate at birth; therefore, there are no innate ideas e. There was no disagreement between Locke and Descartes

answer

d. the mind is a blank slate at birth; therefore, there are no innate ideas

question

Aristotle held that the mind was a wax slate upon which impressions are made. Locke invoked the metaphor of the ____ to illustrate the same phenomenon. a. undulatio reflexa b. tabula rasa c. cogito d. complex idea e. reflection

answer

b. tabula rasa

question

What position did Locke take on the origin of ideas? a. Some innate ideas exist, such as self, God, and time. b. The only acquired ideas are verbal ideas; all other ideas are innate. c. Innate ideas don't change; derived ideas are malleable. d. All ideas are innate; experience just makes us aware of their presence. e. All ideas are acquired from experience; no ideas are innate.

answer

e. All ideas are acquired from experience; no ideas are innate.

question

Locke argued that ideas seem to us to be innate because ____. a. they were classically conditioned b. they are simple ideas c. they are complex ideas d. we don't recollect having learned them e. we can't identify their component elemental ideas

answer

d. we don't recollect having learned them

question

For Locke, ideas are the result of ____. a. reflection and sensations b. reasoning about sensations c. primary sensations and secondary sensations d. experience and cognition e. primary qualities and secondary qualities

answer

a. reflection and sensations

question

According to Locke, in human development, what kind of ideas appears first? a. sensation b. reflection c. simple d. complex e. innate

answer

a. sensation

question

"Why should I have to read what Locke wrote over 300 years ago? Schultz and Schultz and the instructor get paid to summarize that for me." What answer would the textbook authors give you? a. "Full understanding comes from reading the original data of history from the theorists themselves." b. "To see how even a good idea can be badly written." c. "Because you are expected to do so." d. "Don't worry if you do not have time to read the original source material; authors and teachers provide accurate versions." e. "Actually, you shouldn't have to."

answer

a. "Full understanding comes from reading the original data of history from the theorists themselves."

question

According to Locke, simple ideas become complex ideas through the process of ____. a. association b. deductive logic c. sensing primary qualities d. reflection e. recombination

answer

d. reflection

question

According to Locke, the idea of an army or a navy would be an example of ____. a. a complex idea b. an innate idea c. a simple idea d. a derived idea e. a primary quality

answer

a. a complex idea

question

For Locke, the difference between a simple and a complex idea is that a simple idea ____. a. contains more premises b. is the result of inductive logic c. is the result of deductive logic d. is contiguous e. cannot be reduced

answer

e. cannot be reduced

question

If a tree falls in the forest and no one is present to hear it, then the fall makes no sound. Using Locke's distinctions, this conclusion assumes that the sound is a(n) ____. a. primary quality b. secondary quality c. association d. simple idea e. complex idea

answer

b. secondary quality

question

According to Locke, the tickle of a feather would be a(n) ____. a. complex idea b. primary quality c. secondary quality d. tertiary quality e. essential quality

answer

c. secondary quality

question

The notion of secondary qualities was proposed by Locke to explain ____. a. the distinction between the physical world and one's experience of it b. the need for objectivity in psychology c. the role of positivism in the new science of psychology d. Descartes's dualism e. the difference between simple ideas and complex ideas

answer

a. the distinction between the physical world and one's experience of it

question

"If a tree falls in the forest and no one is present to hear it, a sound will still occur because God is the permanent perceiver of all objects in the universe." This argument illustrates the position of ____. a. Berkeley b. Locke c. Hume d. Hartley e. the Mills

answer

a. Berkeley

question

Which philosopher believed that the only things that humans know with certainty are those objects that are perceived? a. Rene Descartes b. John Locke c. David Hartley d. James Mill e. George Berkeley

answer

e. George Berkeley

question

The doctrine that all knowledge is a function of mental phenomena and is dependent on the perceiving or experiencing person is an illustration of ____. a. Locke's associationism b. Locke's mentalism c. Berkeley's mentalism d. Berkeley's associationism e. Comte's positivism

answer

c. Berkeley's mentalism

question

Which of the following slogans could be attributed to Berkeley? a. I think, therefore I am. b. To think is to perceive. c. To be is to perceive. d. Whatever exists must have a cause of existence. e. Go west, young man.

answer

c. To be is to perceive.

question

Berkeley's basic difference with Locke was the former's argument that ____. a. there are no primary qualities b. there is a one-to-one correspondence between physical objects and subjective perceptions c. an object is the association of consecutive perceptions d. there are only complex ideas e. there are only primary qualities

answer

a. there are no primary qualities

question

The phenomenology of the humanistic school focuses on the individual's unique experiences as they define the person's reality. This idea is a direct descendant of ____. a. Locke's empiricism b. Berkeley's mentalism c. Hume's law of resemblance d. James Mill's mechanical associationism e. J. S. Mill's mental chemistry hypothesis

answer

b. Berkeley's mentalism

question

For Berkeley, depth perception is the result of ____. a. concurrent mechanical associations b. innate ideas c. the association of primary qualities and complex ideas d. the association of ideas that must be learned e. contiguity and repetition

answer

d. the association of ideas that must be learned

question

What was the significance of the defecating duck? a. It demonstrated the Zeitgeist of the time. b. It was widely popular and well-known. c. It was described as the "glory of France." d. It was one example of the spirit of mechanism. e. All of the above.

answer

e. All of the above.

question

Why was the mechanical clock a revolutionary invention? a. Clocks brought precision, regularity, and predictability to everyday life, which was later developed into a model for science. b. Clocks were used only by the elite to control the masses. c. Because of the varying sizes and shapes, clocks helped stimulate the European economy like never before. d. Clocks were used for religious practices. e. Clocks were built to look like people and animals.

answer

a. Clocks brought precision, regularity, and predictability to everyday life, which was later developed into a model for science.

question

Which of the following types of automata are NOT described in the book? a. A defecating duck b. A life-sized animated flute player c. A "Lady-Musician" that played the harpsichord d. A 16-inch mechanical monk e. A singing mouse

answer

e. A singing mouse

question

Which theorist believed that people are similar to machines? a. Descartes b. Berkeley c. Galileo d. Locke e. Comte

answer

a. Descartes

question

What was the basis for Babbage's calculating machine? a. The spirit of mechanism b. Automata and clocks c. The mechanical nature of human mental actions d. None of the above e. All of the above

answer

e. All of the above

question

What was the most influential doctrine to modern psychology? a. History b. Materialism c. Empiricism d. Chemistry e. Positivism

answer

c. Empiricism

question

While Hartley's fundamental law of association was ____, he also proposed that ____ was necessary for associations to be formed. a. resemblance; contiguity b. contiguity; repetition c. resemblance; repetition d. temporal contiguity; spatial contiguity e. contiguity; similarity

answer

b. contiguity; repetition

question

Hartley was the first to apply the theory of association to explain ____. a. all mental activity b. rote learning c. memory d. the difference between recall and recognition e. the difference between sensations and perceptions

answer

a. all mental activity

question

Hartley argued that the human brain and nervous system transmitted impulses ____. a. with electricity b. with chemicals c. using capillary impulses d. with changes in neurochemical intensities e. with nerve vibrations

answer

e. with nerve vibrations

question

James Mill demonstrated a radical perspective because he believed that the mind is a(n) ___. a. crucible b. machine c. association d. calculator e. tool

answer

b. machine

question

____, the most radically mechanistic of the British empiricists, claimed that the mind is a machine and that there is no freedom of the will, believing instead that the mind is totally a passive entity and all thought can be analyzed in terms of sensations. a. John Stuart Mill b. David Hume c. John Locke d. James Mill e. George Berkeley

answer

d. James Mill

question

Mind is Machine would be a good book title for ____. a. Berkeley b. Hume c. Hartley d. James Mill e. J. S. Mill

answer

d. James Mill

question

James Mill's model says that all knowledge ____. a. begins with sensations, and associations create complex ideas b. is innate, and combined to form complex ideas c. comes from ideas d. requires an actively engaged mind e. More than one of the choices are correct.

answer

a. begins with sensations, and associations create complex ideas

question

James Mill: ____; John Stuart Mill: ____. a. mechanical; chemical b. dualistic; monistic c. active mind; passive mind d. passive mind; active mind e. mechanical; chemical and dualistic; monistic

answer

a. mechanical; chemical

question

Which British empiricist championed women's rights and condemned the unequal status of women? a. David Hartley b. John Stuart Mill c. James Mill d. David Hume e. John Locke

answer

b. John Stuart Mill

question

The idea that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" was the position of ____. a. Berkeley b. Hume c. Hartley d. James Mill e. John Stuart Mill

answer

e. John Stuart Mill

question

John Stuart Mill (JSM) differed from his father's view of the mind by proposing: "Complex ideas emerge from combinations of simple ideas and possess characteristics not found in those elements." JSM was concerned with mental ____. a. magic b. coordination c. mechanics d. hospitals e. chemistry

answer

e. chemistry

question

Complex ideas formed from simple ideas take on new qualities. This is a definition of ____. a. James Mill's creative synthesis b. Hartley's creative synthesis c. James Mill's active mind theory d. Hume's creative synthesis e. John Stuart Mill's creative synthesis

answer

e. John Stuart Mill's creative synthesis

question

John Stuart Mill's metaphor of mental chemistry came to be known as ____. a. association b. the law of contiguity c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning e. creative synthesis

answer

e. creative synthesis

question

Which of the following was not a contribution of British empiricism to the development of psychology? a. the role of sensation in consciousness b. the analysis of conscious experience into elements c. the claim that almost all human knowledge is derived from experience. However, the principles of mathematics are innate ideas. d. the focus on conscious experiences e. through association, synthesizing elements into complex mental experiences

answer

c. the claim that almost all human knowledge is derived from experience. However, the principles of mathematics are innate ideas.

question

The idea of mechanism was a result of the initial work of Newton. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

A basic principle of 17th century physics was that every physical effect is predictable and measurable. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

The aspect of technology that 17th century science adopted was precise measurement. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

Determinism is the belief that every act is brought about by past events. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

Babbage was the first in modern America to create and market software. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

The doctrine that challenged theological authority as a source of knowledge was determinism. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

Wundt inaugurated the era of modern psychology. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

For Descartes, certainty of knowledge was the result of mathematical principles. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

A major contribution of Descartes to psychology was to deflect attention from the study of the mind in general to the study of consciousness in particular. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

For Descartes, the functions of the body operate according to mechanical principles. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

For Descartes, the unique function of the mind is thought. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

At the heart of Descartes' notion of the undulatio reflexa is the role of the conscious mind in determining behavior a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

Descartes' contemporaries believed that neither humans nor animals had souls. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

Comte's main contribution to psychology was the doctrine of materialism. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

Comte would argue that because God perceives the world, objects in it remain constant. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

The materialists argued that consciousness could be understood in accordance with the principles of physics and chemistry. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

The nativistic theory of perception holds that certain ideas and mental functions are learned through experience. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

The best-known opponents of nativism were the British empiricists. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

Locke argued that we believe ideas are innate if or when we cannot recall having learned them. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

The first idea of the tabula rasa was John Locke's. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder," reflects Locke's notion of primary qualities. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

The notion in modern psychology that knowledge depends on the experiencing person is essentially a restatement of Berkeley's position. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

Berkeley used the phenomenon of depth perception to illustrate the presence of innate ideas. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

Locke used simple and complex ideas to describe his theory of association, now commonly known as learning. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

There was little difference between James Mill and son John Stuart Mill in their interpretations of human mental functioning. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

Rote learning has at its core Hartley's law of repetition. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

Hartley attempted to explain psychological and physiological processes in terms of mechanical principles. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

James Mill denied that people had free will. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

Empiricism attributes all knowledge to a. experience. b. objectivity in methods. c. overt behavior. d. environmental influences. e. reinforcement schedules.

answer

a. experience.

question

Descartes was significant to psychology as a science because he helped liberate a. science from the stranglehold of theology. b. science from the grasp of philosophy. c. philosophy from the clutches of theology. d. science from the dictates of government. e. psychology from the dictates of science.

answer

a. science from the stranglehold of theology.

question

Descartes changed the focus from the study of ____ to the study of ____. a. conscious processes; the unconscious b. the unconscious; conscious processes c. the nonconscious; the unconscious d. the soul; the mind e. science; theology

answer

d. the soul; the mind

question

Descartes' notion that we are born with certain perceptual processes is also a principle of which modern school of psychology? a. behavioristic b. psychoanalytic c. Gestalt d. phenomenological e. humanistic

answer

c. Gestalt

question

The question of the distinction between mental and physical qualities refers to a. the bipartisan problem. b. the freethinking problem. c. the mind-body problem. d. positivism. e. theology.

answer

c. the mind-body problem.

question

Materialism is the belief that a. speculation and inference are acceptable. b. consciousness exists beyond physics and chemistry. c. the mental world exists on a plane of its own. d. all things can be described in physical terms. e. ideas exist only in Descartes' mind.

answer

d. all things can be described in physical terms.

question

The idea that science should be based totally on objectively observable facts is called a. factualism. b. materialism. c. absolutism. d. positivism. e. observation.

answer

d. positivism.

question

The doctrine that acts are determined by past events is a. reductionism. b. determinism. c. mechanism. d. materialism. e. positivism

answer

b. determinism.

question

Contemporary cognitive psychologists' computer model of artificial intelligence is a direct descendant of a. Babbage's calculating machine. b. La Mettrie's self-winding watch. c. Descartes's automata. d. Newton's clocks. e. Bessel's personal equations.

answer

a. Babbage's calculating machine.

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