Western Civ Ch.16 – Flashcards
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Know the influences of the Scientific Revolution.
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-Revived interest in Galen and the four humors - aristotle -Resulted from the reaction and revolt against social and historical conditions of the middle ages -Monastic revolution -Complete break with the past - moving forward ------Mathematical and naturalistic skills of the renaissance artist ------Hermetic belief in magic and alchemy ------Humanist rediscovery of Greek mathematicians and the Greek thinkers.
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Know what, according to Da Vinci, was key to understanding the nature of things.
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Mathematics
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Know what Hermetics believed about the world.
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A living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics, also believed in magic
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Know the three areas that science's greatest achievements happened in during the 16th and 17th c.
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Astronomy Medicine Mechanics
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Know why Copernicus favored the heliocentric model to the geocentric model.
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The orbits were easier to calculate
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On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
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Copernicus - has to do with the heliocentric model
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The Starry Messenger
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Galileo - explain beyond the planets, improved the telescope
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Dialogue on the Two World Systems
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Galileo - Supported copernicus to publication in italian
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Principia
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Isaac Newton - three laws of motion
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On the Fabric of the Human Body
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Andreas Versalius - focus on anatomical structure
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On the Motion of the Heart and Blood
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William Harvey - said that blood started from heart rather than the liver
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Discourse on Method
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Descartes - stressed separation of mind and matter, same principles were inherited in mathematical thinking - expanded on his theories about universe
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Pensees
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Pascal - attempt to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions, was the one that said that humans could not understand infinity, only God could
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Know what Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy. `
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Making accurate observations of the planets
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Know what astronomer was the first to show that planetary orbits were elliptical.
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Kepler
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Know what astronomer was the first to make planetary observations of the heavens by telescope.
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Galileo
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Know what actions the Catholic Church took against Galileo.
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Made him recant, part of the Inquisition
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Know who is credited for creating "the calculus".
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Newton
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Know what Paracelsus revolutionized in the world of medicine.
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Advocating the chemical philosophy in medicine
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Know what Robert Boyle's Law is.
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States that the volume of the gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it - matter is composed of atoms, which later became known as the chemical elements
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Know what Margaret Cavendish's stance was on the humans vs. nature.
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Humans, through science, were masters of nature
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Know who Maria Winkelmann is.
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German astronomer
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Know what Descartes' philosophy is on mind vs. matter.
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They are separate
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Know what Francis Bacon's methodology was.
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Inductive reasoning (descartes was deductive)
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Know who argued that humans could not understand infinity, only God could.
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Pascal
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Galileo's ideas on motion included the
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principle of inertia.
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The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century
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although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.
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The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was
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condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.
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Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that
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the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth.
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Galileo was convicted of heresy and sentenced to house arrest for life in 1633 for
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ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print.
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Following upon Copernicus's heliocentric theories
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Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory but that showed the orbits were elliptical.
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The general conception of the universe before Copernicus was that
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the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it.
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Isaac Newton's scientific discoveries
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although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent.
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The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as
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the geocentric conception.
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Which of these ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars?
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Galileo
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The ideas of Copernicus were
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nearly as complicated as those of Ptolemy.
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Antoine Lavoisier
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is regarded as the father of modern chemistry.
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The overall effect of the Scientific Revolution on the argument about women was to
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generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance.
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The role of women in the Scientific Revolution is illustrated by
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Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her era's scientific debates.
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William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of
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the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.
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Benedict Spinoza believed that women
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were "naturally" inferior to men.
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Among the following, who is not associated with major changes in sixteenth and seventeenth-century scientific research?
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Galen
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Organized religions in the seventeenth century
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rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.
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During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science
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became an international phenomenon.
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Benedict de Spinoza
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claimed that God was not just the creator the universe: God was the universe.
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In his work Pensees, Pascal
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attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.
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Which one of the following comments best summarizes impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?
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It was a major turning point.
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Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because
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it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order.
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What was the name of Descartes' book that expounded his theories about the universe?
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Discourse on Method
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The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first
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scientific journals appearing regularly
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For Spinoza, the failure to understand God led to
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people using nature for their own self-interest.
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Concerning the first important scientific societies, the French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's
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government support and control.
