AP Euro Ch 14 and 15 test prep – Flashcards
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Why was the glorious revolution important?
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Bloodlessly deposed James II in favor of William of Orange. (Parliament went against King)
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What was the Sejm? What kind of state did it make of Poland in the 17th century?
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The Sejm was a two-chamber Assembly in which Landowners completely dominated the few townspeople and lawyers who were also members. It made Poland into a weak decentralized state.
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What kind of government did the levelers want during the English Commonwealth era?
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The Leveller demands were for a secular republic, abolition of the House of Lords, equality before the law, the right to vote for all, free trade, the abolition of censorship, freedom of speech and the absolute right for people to worship whatever religion [or none] that they chose.
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Who created a constitutional crisis in England in the 1680s? why?
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The accession of James II. He was an open and devout Catholic. His attempt to further Catholic interest made religion once more a primary cause of conflict between King and Parliament.
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What led to the deposing of James II?
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Contrary to the test act, James named Catholics to high positions in the government, Army, Navy, and universities. in 1687 he issued a new declaration of indulgence, which suspended all laws bearing Catholics and dissenters from office. The birth of James II's Son(Catholic) is what led to his deposing.
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Key events of the Golden age of the Dutch Republic
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...
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How did James I alienate parliament?
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He believed in the divine right of kings. dissolved parliament in 1611
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What parliamentary act required the Monarch to get the consent of Parliament before he or she could raise taxes?
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Petition of right 1628
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What, in England, who laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy?
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The English Bill of Rights
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Who wrote the play tartuffe, was a protégé of Louis the 14th, and wrote satirical plays about religion?
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Jean-Baptiste Molière
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Who, and in what book, wrote that man was like an animal, and needs a strong authority to control him?
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Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan.
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What European power was the only European nation to be allowed to trade in Japan, and at what port?
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The Dutch. Port of Dejima
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Was one of the major economic problems of the 16th century in Europe?
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Inflation.
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What did Vasco de Gama announce he was searching for when he reached India?
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Christians and spices
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Was Peter the Great's primary goal in his foreign-policy?
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To westernize his country?
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What country became a second rate power after the Great Northern war?
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Sweden
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Why was Parliament successful against the armies of the king in the English Civil War?
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Creation of the new model Army
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The major critic of the Spanish treatment of the American Natives was whom?
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Bartolome de las casas
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The artistic movement known as mannerism reached it's peak with which artist?
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El Greco(Doménikos Theotocópoulos)
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What school of Art attempted to blend religious feelings with Renaissance art?
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Baroque
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The most dangerous disease that Europe brought to the New World?
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Smallpox
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What Country did John Cabot explore
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Canada. Attempted to find northwest passage
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Who followed Richelieu as chief minister of France?
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Mazarin
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Where was the north pole star useless as a navigational device?
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In the far Southern Hemisphere
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The primary motive for European exploration during the Renaissance was what?
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The desire for precious metals/economic reasons.
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What were the simple and misleading Maps that Europeans had used before better Maps and nautical charts were developed that enabled new exploration?
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Portolani maps
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Who was considered the great Protestant painter of the 17th century?
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Rembrandt van Rijn
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What was the Mesoamerican civilization that was there when European exploration a new world began?
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Aztec in Mexico, Incas in South America
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What did the Treaty of tordesillas do?
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Divided up the newly discovered world into separate Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence and it turned out that most of South America fell into the Spanish sphere.
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What system made the natives of the Americas slaves?
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Encomienda system.
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Who was the greatest figure of Baroque art?
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Italian architect and sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
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Who's writings reflected the pride and patriotism of the Elizabethan era?
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William Shakespeare
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The capital of the Aztec empire?
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Tenochtitlan
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Who's conquering of what Empire best characterize Spanish expansion and exploration?
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Hernan Cortez conquering of Aztecs
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The first circumnavigation of the earth was by whom?
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Magellan's crew.
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How did Portugal become the leader in European expansion? Who did she defeat, and where?
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Defeating Muslim opposition (Ottomans). Establishing trade opportunities with India.
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When Columbus began his voyage, what book did he carry with him?
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Columbus carefully carried a letter of friendship addressed to him by the Spanish monarchs.
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What two countries had is their motivation for exploration a religious crusade?
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Spain and portugal
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Which territories in India were British enclaves?
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...
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The first European nation to establish diplomatic relations with China
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Portugal
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What gave, to the British, the right to transport slaves to Spanish Latin America
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In 1713, war between Britain and Spain was ended. By the terms of the peace agreement, Britain took over the asiento. Britain was given the contract to supply the Spanish colonies in South America with slaves for 30 years.
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Which empire was described as "old, cracy, first-rate man of war" but had incompetent leadership that would lead to it's destruction.
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Ottoman empire
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Name the British hero who fought off the French threat in India
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Sir Robert Clive
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What was the greatest source of profit for the Portuguese from their maritime trade?
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Slaves(some slaves, british did most trading)/sugar(most profitable)
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What Empire lost an Empire, but gained one Eastern Europe?
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...
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Most significant Romanov ruler of the 18th century
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Peter the Great
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What did the edict of fontainebleau do, and what was its result?
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Removed earlier edict of Nantes. and it Curtailed the rights of French Protestants and it caused thousands of highly skilled Huguenots to flee the country
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What was the "black hole of Calcutta"?
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It was an underground prison for holding the prisoners, many of whom died in captivity
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What was the first European nation to have diplomatic relations with China since Marco Polo?
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Portugal
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What were the main themes, and reasons for Peter the Great's Europeanization of Russian
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Changing social and technological aspects of Russia. Losing beards, changing from old clothing to more european styles, reconstructing navy/army. Major reason was because Peter thought Russia was stuck in the past and couldn't progress unless changes
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Describe the success, or lack thereof, of the reign of Philip the fourth of Spain.
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Attempted to create domestic reforms but Met with little real success because both the number and the power of the Spanish aristocrats made them too powerful to Curtail in any significant fashion. Military defeats also led to the destruction of their army which led to the decline of Spain as a world power.
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What was the overall reason, politically, for the palace of Versailles for Louis the 14th?
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To keep the Nobles out of political affairs, Louis kept them busy there.
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What characterized Russian society in the 17th century?
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Muscovite society was highly stratified. At the top was the Tsar, who claimed to be a divinely ordained autocratic ruler. Russian society was dominated by an upper-class of landed aristocrats who, in the course of the 17th century, managed to bind their presents to the land. Towns people were also controlled. Many Merchants were not allowed to move from their cities without government permission or to sell their businesses to any one outside their class. Merchant and peasant revolts as well as a schism in the Russian Orthodox Church created very unsettled conditions.
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What did Frederick William the elector do to build Brandenburg-Prussiainto a strong military power in Europe?
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Made the general war commissariat the bureaucratic machine of his state.
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What war destroyed much of Germany? Explain how devastating it was to the German states, and the long-state consequences to the future of the nation
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Thirty years war. Left German states in Economic turmoil. Long-state consequences= not a United Germany. Separate kingdoms.
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What were the consequences of the military revolution between 1550 and 1650 to armies of the different European nations?
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Use of infantry in formations with firearms. Use of cannons far more popular. More discipline among the ranks. All this training and equipment led to higher taxes among the people to support them.
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Define Absolutism
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the principle or the exercise of complete and unrestricted power in government.
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Louis XIII chief Minister? Greatest success?
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Cardinal Richelieu. Greatest success= strengthened power of the monarchy by eliminating political rights of minority groups. Sent out Intendants, or royal officers, to make sure his orders are carried out.
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Parts of columbian Exchange
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From Americas to Europe: Potatoes, peppers, sweet potatoes, squash(ew), beans, chocolate, corn, Tobacco, cotton, sugar To Americas from Europe = Small pox, measles, horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, To Africa from Europe: guns From Africa to Americas: slaves
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What country became dominant after the 30 years war?
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France
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All parts of Treaty of Westphalia.
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The peace of Westphalia ensured that all German states, including the Calvinist ones, were free to determine their own religion. Territorially, France gained parts of western Germany, part of Alsace, and the three cities of Metz, toul, and Verdun, giving the French control of the Franco-German border area. While Sweden and the German states of Brandenburg and Bavaria gained some territory in Germany, and the Austrian have Habsburg did not really lose any but did see their authority as rulers of Germany further diminished. The peace the Westphalia also made it clear that religion and politics were now separate. The pope was completely ignored in all decisions at Westphalia, and political motives became the guiding forces in public affairs as religion moved closer to becoming primarily a matter of personal conviction and individual choice.
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Louis the 14th controller of finances? What economic theory guided his financial policies? What did this theory stress?
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Mercantilism. Stressed governmental regulation of economic affairs to benefit the state.
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What was the major reason for the witchcraft crazy in the 16th and 17th century according to recent scholarship?
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Deep religious uncertainties due to the Protestant Reformation. (I think)
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What two dynasties' conflict was the main reason for the 30 years war?
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The Bourbon dynasty of France and the Habsburg Dynasty's of Spain in the Holy Roman Empire
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What was Louis the 14th's first step in transforming the french state into an absolute monarchy?
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Eliminating the French Princes and High nobles from Royal council.
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The event that began the 30 years war?
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The rebellion of the Calvinist nobles against Habsburg ArchDuke Ferdinand
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What caused the decline in the standard of living for the wage earners in the 16th and early 17th century's?
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...
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What new type of company enabled economic growth in the 16th and 17th century?
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Joint stock companies
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Which banking firm went bankrupt because the Habsburgs defaulted on loans?
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House of Fugger
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Main ideas of the theory of mercantilism?
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A country colonizes a region, depletes it of its resources so the mainland benefits from it economically, and then leaves
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By the end of the 17th century, what type of trading in Europe was greater than its international trade?
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...
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What were the ethnic origins of the Mughal dynasty in India?
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Mongol
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European nation which established a settlement Africa's Cape of Good Hope?
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The Dutch Republic
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Increased wars in Africa? Why?
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European trade. Guns were trading with Africa in exchange for precious metals, salt, and slaves with indigenous tribes. More war b/c tribes competed w/ each other to be dominate and not be sold into slavery.
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What two things did Louis the fourteenth do to reconstruct the policymaking machinery of the French government
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Eliminated the Nobles participation by having them party at Versailles, and made his ministers fear him so all governmental actions were in his favor.
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Explain Richelieu's policy of raisin d'état.
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All policies are for best interest of the state.
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Number of estimated slaves shipped between 16th century and 19th century
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10 million
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Chief reason for the wars of Louis the 14th
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He wanted his empire to expand. Had a desire for military glory.
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First religious group to criticize slavery and the slave trade was whom?
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English Quakers and evangelical religious groups condemned slavery.
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What nation(s)or continent was the least affected by European power or influence?
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Japan and China
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What was Portugal's greatest handicap in dominating Southeast Asian trade? Why?
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Was too small in land size. lacked the sufficient population to govern an Empire abroad.
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European nation that took over the spice trade from Portugal
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The Dutch Republic
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Why Christianity failed to take root in China?
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Chinese rulers did not want interaction with the Europeans. the Qing government confined all European traders to a small island just outside the city walls of Canton and permitted them to reside there only from October through March.
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Why did the mainland states of southeast Asia have better success in resisting European encroachment than did the spice Islands and Malay?
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Strong monarchies in South East mainland countries resisted foreign encroachment
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What happened to the population of Europeans in the 17th century and why?
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Population increase due to introduction of new goods from the Americas. Potato new staple of european diet
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What was the major difference between the North American colonies of England in those of France?
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The French colonies were not as highly controlled by the French monarchy compared to the English colonies were highly controlled by the English monarchy.
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What book did John Locke write, and what position did he advocate that brought him into conflict with Hobbs?
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Two treatises of government. Like Hobbs, Locke began with the state of nature before human existence became organize socially. But unlike Hobbs, Locke believed that humans lived then in a state of equality and freedom rather than the state of war.
