Chapter 18 – Conflict and Absolutism in Europe – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Czar
answer
A Russian emperor
question
Boyar
answer
Land owning aristocracy in early Russia.
question
Puritans
answer
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. A group of Anglicans in England who wanted to purify their church of Catholic ways
question
Cavaliers
answer
Cleveland
question
Roundheads
answer
A group consisting of puritans, country land owners, and town based manufacturers, led by Oliver Cromwell; fought against the Cavaliers during the English civil war
question
Heretics
answer
those who hold to a belief opposed to the established teachings of a church.
question
Absolutism
answer
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
question
Philip II
answer
(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.
question
Mary Tudor "bloody Mary"
answer
Oldest daughter of Henry VIII. Queen of England from 1553-58. Known for her ruthless, deadly suppression of the Anglicanism in attempting to re-Catholicize England. She married Spain's Philip II.
question
Elizabeth Tudor "Virgin" Queen
answer
During her reign, England became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe and laid the foundations for a world empire, Queen of England; ascended throne in 1558
question
Armada
answer
A big fleet of warships.(1588) Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion in England.
question
English sea Dogs
answer
â—‹ Not official British sailors â—‹ Private sailors â—‹ Pirates but authorized by Elizabeth I to raid Spanish treasure ships coming back from the new world â—‹ Piracy in the name of their country â—‹ 1588: Defeat of the Spanish armada
question
Moor
answer
A Muslim from North Africa or the Iberian Peninsula
question
Huguenots
answer
Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.
question
Prince Henry of Navarre Henry IV
answer
became King Henry IV, descended from Louis IX, became King Henry IV of Bourbon and gave Protestantism the Edict of Nantes, killed by religious fanatic, heir was Louis XIII
question
Edict of Nantes
answer
1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after lengthy civil wars between Catholics and Protestants.
question
Louis XIII
answer
king of France from 1610 to 1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu (1601-1643)
question
English Civil War
answer
Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king
question
Inflation
answer
A general and progressive increase in prices
question
Convert
answer
One who has changed to a new religion.
question
Common Wealth
answer
national/state political entity founded on laws & united by a compact of the people for the common good
question
Expelled
answer
to send away or make leave as a punishment
question
Centralized
answer
a government in which a central authority controls the running of a state.
question
Divine
answer
Modifier indicating something that refers or pertains to God.
question
Cardinal Richelieu
answer
(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.
question
Thirty Years War
answer
(1618-1648) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
question
Hapsburg
answer
Austrian rulers of the Holy Roman empire and the Netherlands
question
Peace of Westphalia
answer
1648 Ended the Thirty Years War; recognized Dutch Indepence, extended terms of the Peace of Augsburg to Calvinists, weakend the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; turning point in European political, religious, social history
question
Skeptics
answer
This group of Hellenistic philosophers questioned any assumptions and had a goal of achieving peace of mind.
question
Montaigne
answer
A skeptic who invented the essay. His most famous essay was "On Cruelty" (cruelty is the worst vice) and "On Cannibals" (no culture superior to another)
question
Descartes
answer
(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.
question
Louis XIV
answer
(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.
question
Cardinal Mazarin
answer
This was the man who served under Cardinal Richelieu and laid the foundations for Louis XIV's expansionist policies
question
Jean Baptiste Colbert
answer
An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.
question
Mannerism
answer
an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation
question
Thomas Hobbes
answer
..., English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)
question
John Locke
answer
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
question
Cormwell
answer
45) Beheaded Charles I of England
question
Charles I of England
answer
1600-1649; King of England 1625-1649; numerous conflicts with Parliament; fought wars with France, Spain, and Scotland; eventually provoked Civil War, convicted of treason, and beheaded by Oliver Cormwell.
question
Peter The Great
answer
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.
question
Junker
answer
Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.
question
Glorious Revolution
answer
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
question
Charles II of England
answer
was brought back to England after the rule of Oliver Cromwell, restored the English monarchy during a period known as the "restoration". He was religiously tolerant with Catholics.
question
Baroque
answer
1600s to early 1700s, a grand, ornate style that characterized European painting and architecture
question
Bach
answer
(German Lutheran); wrote religious works for organs and choirs
question
Handel
answer
(1685-1759) A German composer who wrote Operas in Italy and eventually moved to Britain. Wrote music for the court and also oratorios such as Messiah (1741). Famous for incorporating religious piety with public pleasing drama.
question
Shakespeare
answer
English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)
question
Cervantes
answer
Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)
question
Petition of Rights of England
answer
Charles 1 signed the petition of rights(could not imprison people/ could not immpose taxes/could not house soldiers in homes/ no martial lie in peace time.) -signed it so he could get money from parliament to fight wars in france and spain
question
Bill of Rights of England
answer
The document signed by William and Mary that limited their power as monarchs in England; it stated that the monarch must gain parliamentary approval to pass laws.------, Gives protestants rights to bear arms, trailed by jury, first time these "natural rights" were writen down.
question
James II of England
answer
Appointed Roman Catholics to positions in army, governmentt, and universities which violated the test act. He issued declaration of indulgence granting religious freedom to all. when threatened he fled England to France and William and Mary took over;tried to get crown back but did not succeed end of Stuart line.
question
How did disagreements over rule between the Stuarts and Parliament lead to the English Civil War?
answer
Puritans made up the members of Parliament in England. They formed an important part of the House of Commons. James believed strongly in the Divine Right of Kings (was chosen by God to rule and only answers to God).
question
What were causes and effects of the Glorious Revolution?
answer
The causes of the Glorious Revolution
question
In what important ways was the monarchy of William and Mary different from the previous Stuart monarchy?
answer
...
question
What do Articles III & IV of the Petition demand of the King?
answer
The King cannot levy taxes w/o the consent of Parliament. They could no longer imprison w/o reason. Also couldn't establish martial law. And no longer force citizens to house soldiers.
question
What reasons of justifications does the Petition give for making this demand?
answer
Whatever the law says has to be respected.
question
Elizabeth Policies in England
answer
Wanted to rule with no man by her side known as the "Virgin" Queen of England. Had to restore the religious problems that were left behind from her sister Mary "Bloody Mary".
question
Abicate
answer
(v.) to resign, formally give up an office or a duty; to disown, discard synonyms: step down, relinquish,renounce antonyms: retain
question
Romance
answer
In general, a story in which an idealized hero or heroine undertakes a quest and is successful.
question
Hapsburg
answer
This was the royal dynasty of Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over Hungary
question
Pruissa
answer
is the winner of the war. and obtains Silesia once and for all.
question
Anarchy
answer
A state of society without government or law.
question
Westernization
answer
An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries.
question
Police State
answer
a country in which the government has total control over the people using the police
question
What is the Social Contact Theory?
answer
It is a political obligation. What is your obligation to the government and what is there obligation to you.
question
According to Hobbes what is life without government?
answer
A war of all against all. It would be nasty, brutish and short.
question
How did the Social Contact Theory play a role in the English Civil War?
answer
It was used as a weapon used against the Kings.
question
According to John Locke, What is the relationship of the people and their government?
answer
The relationship between the people and the government is that the government is there to protect the people.
question
What happens if the state violates people's rights according to Locke?
answer
The obligation of the people to obey the government will be revoked and rebellion will come about.
question
According to Locke, what is the State of Nature?
answer
Life w/o government would have it inconviences but wouldnt be bad....
question
What were the causes and effects of the Thirty Years War?
answer
...
question
How was Europe affected by social and economic crises in the seventeenth century?
answer
...
question
What triggered the French Wars of Religion?
answer
...
question
What fueled the French Civil Wars of the sixteenth century?
answer
...
question
What was the significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada?
answer
...
question
Why was Philip II called "The Most Catholic King"
answer
...
question
King Louis XIV
answer
(1754-1793) King of France from 1774 to 1792; he was unpopular for taxes that he imparted on his people, was king at the beginning of the French Revolution, was deposed by the National Convention and guillotined.We, (1643-1715) Created Versailles to keep eye on nobles. Embodied French absolutism. Lived lavishly. All of his successors died of implied incest-caused diseases.
question
Economic Growth
answer
-French Finicial Minister- Jean Baptiste Colbert in the theory of mercantilism, self-sufficient so they wouln't rely on imports -Louis XVI slows down Frances economic progress by revoking the Edict of Nantes
question
War of Spanish Succession
answer
This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V (Louis XIV of France grandson)
