Chapter 8 – Early Medieval Civilization – Flashcards
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In the early Middle Ages, the three heirs to the Roman Empire shared all of the following except A) the belief that each was chosen by God. B) the same level of literacy and commerce. C) an interaction of local customs and the Roman past. D) the belief that their rulers were God's agents. E) an attempt to balance mutual interests with bitter rivalries.
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E) an attempt to balance mutual interests with bitter rivalries.
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According to the chapter, Islam A) preached a faith that was old in its basic elements but new in its formulation. B) conquered territories from Spain to the frontiers of China. C) created an imperial system with a coherent government and ideology. D) was founded by Muhammad who had received revelations to preach about Allah. E) All of the above.
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A) preached a faith that was old in its basic elements but new in its formulation.
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Arabia in the early seventh century was A) a society based on tribes and competitive trade. B) a unified nation-state. C) desert with no cities. D) mostly Zoroastrian in religion. E) long dominated by Roman and Persian Empires.
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E) long dominated by Roman and Persian Empires.
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Muhammad was a/an A) schoolteacher born in Medina. B) Bedouin warlord. C) preacher who converted everyone in Mecca except his wife. D) caravan trader. E) orphan raised by local Bedouin tribes.
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D) caravan trader.
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The "Five Pillars" of Islam include all of the following except A) the donation of significant alms to the poor. B) holy war against all nonbelievers. C) individual prayers five times daily. D) one month of daytime fasting per year. E) the profession of faith.
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B) holy war against all nonbelievers.
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What is the Hjira? 1. A) Muhammad's conquest of Medina 2. B) the Islamic sacred text 3. C) the conversion of the Arab tribes 4. D) the emigration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina 5. E) the conquest of Mecca
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4. D) the emigration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina
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Which of the following does not describe the Quran? A) It consists of 114 Suras (steps). B) Each chapter emphasizes the individual worshipper. C) Early versions of the Quran included commentaries. D) It is written in simple and elegant prayer that symbolizes the transcendence of Allah. E) There is an emphasis on the religious continuity of Muhammad's teachings.
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B) Each chapter emphasizes the individual worshipper.
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Which of the following was not a "Rightly Guided Caliph"? 1. A) Umar 2. B) Abu Bakr 3. C) Abu'l Abbas 4. D) Ali 5. E) Uthman
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3. C) Abu'l Abbas
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All of the following are reasons for the rapid creation of the Muslim Empire except A) the military weakness of the Byzantine and Persian Empires. B) Muslim superiority in large-scale pitched battles. C) the redirection of traditional violence out of Arabia and into foreign wars. D) the disaffection of many groups within the Byzantine and Persian Empires. E) Islam addressed regional and ethnic sensitivities, which enabled them to maintain local control.
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B) Muslim superiority in large-scale pitched battles.
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As Islam expanded, Jews and Christians were considered A) "Peoples of the Book." B) sharers in the same scriptural tradition and so they were spared the choice of conversion or death. C) sharers in the same scriptural tradition and so they were particularly evil traitors and deserved death. D) infidels and expected to submit and convert. E) both "Peoples of the Book," and sharers in the same scriptural tradition and so they were spared the choice of conversion or death.
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E) both "Peoples of the Book," and sharers in the same scriptural tradition and so they were spared the choice of conversion or death.
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The differences between Shi'ites and Sunnis did not involve A) the belief that Muhammad was a prophet. B) the successors to Muhammad. C) the standards of the ulama. D) which group lived up to the good practices of Muhammad. E) the legitimacy of the Umayyad and Abbasid line of ascendancy.
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A) the belief that Muhammad was a prophet.
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Fundamental changes that transformed the eastern Roman Empire into Byzantium include all of the following except A) adoption of Christianity as the state religion. B) sharp geographic contraction. C) the creation of new military districts called themes. D) neutralizing the powers of leading bureaucrats while multiplying the number of offices. E) development of a more Eastern cultural orientation.
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B) sharp geographic contraction.
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Which enemy did Heraclius face during his reign? 1. A) Persians 2. B) Muslims 3. C) Slavic peoples 4. D) All of the above 5. E) None of the above
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4. D) All of the above
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As the boundaries of Byzantium changed in the seventh century, which of the following was not a part of this change? A) It still held southern and eastern shores of the Roman Mediterranean. B) It added the western part of India as a sphere of influence. C) It lost much of its eastern area to Arab expansion. D) Arabs will eventually threaten Constantinople itself. E) It checked the advance of the Slavic peoples in the Balkans.
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B) It added the western part of India as a sphere of influence.
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The Byzantine office of Strategos was 1. A) A naval commander 2. B) A local official 3. C) A member of the imperial court 4. D) A civil lawyer 5. E) A civil and military leader of a district
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E) A civil and military leader of a district
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Which of the following is not true in explaining why Emperor Leo felt the need to destroy religious icons? A) He felt icons were offensive to God. B) Military defeats were the result of God's displeasure. C) He wished the church icons to be replaced by images of himself. D) He felt Moses had received the word against graven images. E) Destruction of icons symbolized the growing differences between East and West.
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C) He wished the church icons to be replaced by images of himself.
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Which of the following is not true of "icons"? 1. A) They were worshipped by Christians. 2. B) They come from a Greek word that means "image." 3. C) They portray Christ, Mary, and the Saints. 4. D) They decorated their churches and homes with them. 5. E) They are meant to give a sense of timelessness and holiness.
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1. A) They were worshipped by Christians.
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The Visigoths in Spain A) were able to unify and centralize the country. B) were Catholic in a population of Arians. C) offered the best hope of reunifying the West. D) never unified the country because of unstable dynastic succession and foreign attacks. E) created a law system that borrowed heavily from Roman law.
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E) created a law system that borrowed heavily from Roman law.
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In the eighth century, the Berbers conquered A) all of Italy. B) the Asturias Mountains. C) Oviedo. D) all of Spain except for the Asturias in the northwest. E) all of Italy except for the Vatican and Roman areas.
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D) all of Spain except for the Asturias in the northwest.
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The Lombards in Italy A) completely eliminated the Byzantine presence in the Italian peninsula. B) were unable to unite the Lombard duchies under the king. C) defeated Pepin and Charlemagne. D) always remained Arian. E) forced the popes to seek the aid of Spanish Berbers.
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B) were unable to unite the Lombard duchies under the king.
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All of the following apply to the Donation of Constantine except it A) was used to justify papal temporal power. B) stated that Constantine had given the pope authority to rule the western half of the Roman Empire. C) helped to establish Christianity as the state religion. D) was probably written in the 760s, over four centuries after the death of Constantine. E) involved lands given to the popes by the Franks.
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B) stated that Constantine had given the pope authority to rule the western half of the Roman Empire.
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Which Pope was instrumental in the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons? 1. A) Leo I 2. B) Gregory I 3. C) Honorius 4. D) Zachary 5. E) Boniface
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2. B) Gregory I
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Which of the following does not describe the transition and changes occurring in the British Isles between 600 and 900? A) Seven kingdoms emerged from earlier numerous tiny ones. B) Offa of Mercia became the "king of all England." C) Viking invasions were successfully warded off by a combined English force. D) Christian organization was installed by St. Patrick and Augustine. E) The throne destroyed the noble class.
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C) Viking invasions were successfully warded off by a combined English force.
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Bede was known for all of the following except A) popularizing the use of A.D. in dates. B) authoring a major work on English history. C) being a product of early English monasteries. D) influencing the English in choosing the Roman church. E) his writings, which were all written in perfect Latin.
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D) influencing the English in choosing the Roman church.
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What is the "mayor of the palace" 1. A) The title of the Carolingian emperors 2. B) A military command 3. C) An official at the Carolingian court 4. D) The Merovingian "Prime Minister" 5. E) A puppet-king
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4. D) The Merovingian "Prime Minister"
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Which of the following aided the Carolingians in their rise to power? A) Their bloody suppression of the Merovingian Revolt B) Charles Martel's defeat by the Arabs in 733 C) The eradication of rival noble families D) The backing of powerful episcopal and monastic churchmen. E) Alliances with Muslim leaders in Spain
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D) The backing of powerful episcopal and monastic churchmen.
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The Papal States are historically established by 1. A) Constantine 2. B) Charles Martel 3. C) Pippin III 4. D) Charlemagne 5. E) Louis the Pious
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1. A) Constantine
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The First Carolingian King was 1. A) Charles Martel 2. B) Pippin III 3. C) Charlemagne 4. D) Louis the Pious 5. E) Charles the Bald
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2. B) Pippin III
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All of the following are true of Charlemagne except that A) he was crowned Roman emperor by the pope on Christmas Day in 800. B) he united much of Europe in one Christian empire. C) his empire remained unified for two hundred years. D) he promoted a great revival of learning. E) although interested in learning and knowledge, he never learned to write.
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C) his empire remained unified for two hundred years.
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What is a Carolingian Capitulary? 1. A) the Frankish congress 2. B) legal officials 3. C) a military unity 4. D) royal executive orders 5. E) a type of Carolingian architecture
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4. D) royal executive orders
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Where did Charlemagne establish his capital? 1. A) Paris 2. B) Rome 3. C) Aachen 4. D) Germigny 5. E) Milan
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3. C) Aachen
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Charlemagne's new ideology, which characterized his realm as the "New Israel" (the Chosen People) A) made no ethnic distinctions within the empire. B) impeded the development of a secular royal ideology. C) led to bitter struggles between secular rulers and the church. D) made him the divinely appointed ruler on earth as the Holy Roman Emperor. E) All of the above.
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E) All of the above.
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The missi dominici was/were A) a new form of religious book. B) inspectors who reported to Charlemagne on the conduct of his officials. C) powerful vassals of the emperor. D) ambassadors to the Anglo-Saxons. E) Carolingian ambassadors to the Byzantium.
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B) inspectors who reported to Charlemagne on the conduct of his officials.
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Who was Charlemagne's biographer? 1. A) Bede 2. B) Alcuin 3. C) Theodulf 4. D) Einhard 5. E) Louis the Pious
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4. D) Einhard
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What was a "vassal"? 1. A) A type of military unit 2. B) The obligation to serve in the military 3. C) Subordinate nobles, be they civil or religious 4. D) A type of castle 5. E) A Carolingian legal official
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3. C) Subordinate nobles, be they civil or religious
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As part of his approach to scholarship, Charlemagne A) ordered all cathedrals and monasteries to establish schools. B) never consciously thought of a "rebirth" or "restoration." C) favored oral teaching but disapproved of books. D) focused on the revival of Classical Greek culture. E) prohibited women from learning and study.
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A) ordered all cathedrals and monasteries to establish schools.
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Which of the following did not occur during the Carolingian Renaissance? 1. A) standardization of liturgy and monastic rules 2. B) a virtual industry of copying manuscripts 3. C) a general lowering of academic standards 4. D) the increasing use of stone in architecture 5. E) a conscious effort at rebirth and reform
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3. C) a general lowering of academic standards.
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Which of the following correctly describes the imperial coronation of Charlemagne? A) To acquire the position of both secular and religious leader of Christendom, Charlemagne arranged the dethroning of Pope Leo III. B) As a reward for funding the building of St Peter's Basilica in Rome, he was crowned by the pope. C) In crowning Charlemagne Emperor, he became the official ally and protector of the pope. D) The Papal site fell within the Carolingian territory and accepted the role of Charlemagne as its king by divine right. E) Charlemagne joined with disgruntled papal bureaucrats and forced the pope to coronate him.
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C) In crowning Charlemagne Emperor, he became the official ally and protector of the pope.
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The disintegration of the Carolingian Empire was affected by all of the following except A) entrenched regional diversity. B) instability caused by creating subkingdoms for royal sons. C) the Treaty of Verdun, which reunified the empire. D) new waves of invasions. E) size and ethnic complexity.
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C) the Treaty of Verdun, which reunified the empire.
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Immediately to the east of the Carolingian territories lay A) a vast empty steppe (prairie) extending to the Ural Mountains. B) Slavic lands, some of which were converted to Catholicism and some to Orthodoxy. C) Scandinavia, with a monarchy rising in Denmark under Carolingian pressure. D) the most northern lands of Islam. E) colonies of Byzantium.
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B) Slavic lands, some of which were converted to Catholicism and some to Orthodoxy.
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Which of the following evangelized Slavic Europe? 1. A) Boniface 2. B) Bede 3. C) Alciun 4. D) Cyril and Methodius 5. E) Einhard
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4. D) Cyril and Methodius
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Ninth-century Arab attacks on Europe included all of the following except A) the conquest of Sicily. B) the siege of Aachen. C) a raid on Rome. D) robbing travelers in the Alps. E) an attack on the British Isles.
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E) an attack on the British Isles.
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The exploits of the Vikings included A) an alliance with the Muslims against the Franks. B) destruction of Charlemagne's schools and monasteries. C) missionary activity rather than destructive raids. D) the capture of Rome. E) settlements in Normandy and Rus.
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B) destruction of Charlemagne's schools and monasteries.
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Which territory was not conquered by the Vikings? 1. A) Ireland 2. B) Britain 3. C) Denmark 4. D) Normandy 5. E) Spain
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4. D) Normandy
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Magyars, also known as Hungarians A) invaded the Roman Empire under their leader, Attila. B) created the first major Slavic state: Great Moravia. C) migrated to eastern Europe from the east and raided as far west as France and Italy. D) allied with the Vikings and Arabs to bring down the Carolingian Empire. E) had earlier defeated both the Huns and Avars.
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B) created the first major Slavic state: Great Moravia.
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What geographic feature was critical for early medieval trade? 1. A) great Roman roads 2. B) rivers 3. C) access to sea-lanes 4. D) caravan routes 5. E) many remaining Roman bridges
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2. B) rivers
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During the early Middle Ages, European trade A) declined until it became a purely local activity. B) came to a standstill because of invasions. C) included long-distance trade with the Byzantine and Muslim worlds. D) was carried on only by land routes. E) was hindered by religious differences and interference.
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C) included long-distance trade with the Byzantine and Muslim worlds.
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Which of the following statements is not correct? A) In the Latin West, towns lost much of their governmental functions and cultural life. B) The Arabs were great city-builders. C) Byzantium experienced renewed urbanization after an early decline. D) As a rule, cities grew as the heavy burden of Roman government disappeared. E) Agriculture remained the most important trade element.
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D) As a rule, cities grew as the heavy burden of Roman government disappeared.
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Which position was not open to women in the early medieval west? 1. A) Sainthood 2. B) Cloth trade worker 3. C) Queen 4. D) Abbess 5. E) Priest
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5. E) Priest
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Which of the following correctly describes an estate or manor? A) Estate labor involved slaves. B) Hired labor was never used as it affected the stability of the slave system. C) Landowners did not share any part of the estate with their labor force. D) Produce from estates-manor might be sold in the market place or consumed on the estate. E) Estates-manors were not a common part of the Early Middle Ages.
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D) Produce from estates-manor might be sold in the market place or consumed on the estate.
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Which of the following can be said of early medieval European women? A) Women's influence tended to be in the private, not the public, sphere. B) Women seldom could inherit land if they had brothers. C) Women were bound to the same hierarchies as men. D) Aristocratic women had opportunities and power denied to ordinary women. E) All of these
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E) All of these
