question

The great ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy provided early explorers with their ideas about the world, but he made some major and misleading errors. Which of the following errors was his?

answer

He overestimated the size of the land area of the world and underestimated the overall size of the earth by about one-sixth.

question

Who of the following commenced the voyage around the world that would be completed by Sevastian Elcano, after this man was killed in a local war in the Philippines?

answer

Ferdinand Magellan

question

As a result of European exploration,

answer

Christian missionaries other than Pedro Claver and a few others paid more attention to converting native Americans than to converting Africans.

question

Portuguese exploration accomplished all of the following EXCEPT

answer

discovering "Prester John."

question

European exploration was made easier by

answer

improved ships, sails, and navigational equipment.

question

The major reason for the brutal Spanish treatment of natives in the New World was

answer

the need for labor to raise crops and extract precious metals from mines.

question

The potato became the agricultural basis of Incan civilization because

answer

It grew easily in the high mountains, which were inhospitable to many other crops like maize, once planted, potatoes needed little care, permitting people to undertake great building projects, and potatoes could be dried for long-term storage, reducing the possibility of famine.

question

The basic principle of mercantilism was that

answer

the amount of the world's wealth was fixed, so that one country could increase its trade and manufacturing only at the expense of others.

question

European exploration led to the import of many new agricultural products into Europe. Which of the following was NOT one of those products?

answer

wheat

question

Europeans desired many products from Asia. Which of the following does NOT identify one of these products?

answer

tobacco

question

Between 1550 and 1700, European states

answer

often commissioned individuals as "privateers" to raid the shipping of competing nations without engaging in a formal war.

question

The influx of gold and silver into Europe during the sixteenth century

answer

led Spanish kings to engage in so many expensive wars that Spain suffered repeated bankruptcies.

question

Christopher Columbus

answer

always believed that he had arrived on the outskirts of Asia, not far from the great and wealthy Asian empires.

question

The immediate goal of early Portuguese explorers was to

answer

establish a direct trade route with India and bypass Islamic middlemen.

question

African slavery in America was based on raising cash crops for export. Several crops were raised by slave labor, but the outstanding crop was

answer

sugar.

question

The tale of Maria Sibylla Merian tells us what about both scientific interest and the New World?

answer

how previously-unknown plants and animals of the New World could stimulate the discipline of natural history

question

The first European country to undertake exploration was

answer

Portugal.

question

The Venetian who traveled to China and who wrote a book of his experiences was

answer

Marco Polo.

question

In combination with other factors, one major reason for the great inflation of the sixteenth century was probably the

answer

great influx of silver from the New World.

question

In the "commercial revolution" of the sixteenth century, which of the following did NOT occur?

answer

reduced government trade barriers and reduced economic regulation

question

Which of the following statements is NOT true of northern European exploration in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

answer

In their explorations, the French, Dutch, and English agreed to abide by the restrictions agreed to by Spain and Portugal in the Treaty of Tordesillas.

question

Cortés and Pizarro were able to conquer the Aztec and the Inca empires because the

answer

Spaniards possessed guns and steel weapons and were partially immune to the diseases that devastated the native populations.

question

The New World agriculture developed in central Mexico around 5500 B.C.E. spread slowly because

answer

it was difficult for crops to spread north and south, because different latitudes yielded different growing seasons.

question

Sugar growers in the New World turned to Africa as a slave source because

answer

The great decline in the number of natives in the Americas made enslaving them impractical, Africans had a greater resistance to European diseases than the natives of the Americas and could survive in larger numbers, and some African chiefs found that they could profit enormously through this trade.

question

European exploration led to major developments in map-making, including the famous map projection that permitted sailors to plot straight-line courses, a projection developed by

answer

Mercator.

question

The spread of European culture often resulted in

answer

The creation of a class of mestizos, persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry, widespread planting of wheat where it had not been planted before, and the spread of dandelions, a European weed.

question

All of the following were mercantilist policies pursued by governments EXCEPT

answer

encouraging high wages to increase national purchasing power.

question

Christian missionaries to Asia

answer

often tended to present Christianity in native forms, with priests adopting characteristics of Buddhists in Japan and Confucians in China.

question

Christian missionaries to Mexico

answer

were aided by the claim of Juan Diego that he had seen the Virgin of Guadalupe.

question

Work roles in the sixteenth century were redefined because

answer

work began to lose its association with the family and became more linked to the public political arena, leading to fewer work opportunities and less economic influence for women.

question

During the reign of James I,

answer

the colonies of Jamestown in Virginia and Plymouth in Massachusetts were established.

question

Jean-Baptiste Colbert was known for

answer

working to give France a worldwide reputation for the quality of its products.

question

The trial of Charles I by the English Parliament was of grand significance because

answer

the heart of the matter was whether the king was subject to the laws of Parliament and had broken them, or whether a king who ruled by divine right could ever be charged by a subordinate body.

question

John Locke, in The Second Treatise of Government,

answer

argued that the people had made a contract with the king and could depose the monarch if he broke the contract.

question

The Dutch Republic in the seventeenth century was noted for its

answer

prosperity and religious toleration.

question

Charles II of England

answer

had some of the fiscal problems of his predecessor and was suspected of having Catholic sympathies.

question

The English Puritans

answer

wished to purify not only the Church of England but also daily life by outlawing theaters, cock-fighting, and other seemingly frivolous activities.

question

The roots of French royal absolutism were laid in the days of

answer

Henry IV.

question

It can be said of the reign of Louis XIV that

answer

it became the model of absolute monarchy, but was disfigured by high taxes and growing misery caused by expensive wars.

question

During his reign, Austria's Leopold I focused on

answer

securing his own Habsburg lands.

question

In his policies, Peter the Great of Russia did all of the following EXCEPT

answer

introduce constitutional monarchy into Russia.

question

Seventeenth-century Poland

answer

was so dominated by its nobility that no strong centralized monarchy arose there.

question

Frederick William, the "Great Elector" of Brandenburg-Prussia, succeeded because he

answer

prevailed over the Estates, raised a strong army, and gave nobles greater control over the serfs.

question

The great palace of Versailles

answer

Took more than forty years to construct, was used as the seat of the French government by Louis XIV, and set such a pattern of royal splendor that other European monarchs soon copied it.

question

The traditional society of seventeenth-century Europe

answer

was based on a hierarchy of ranks and subranks that covered everyone from the highest to the lowest.

question

The Levellers in England during the English civil war

answer

advocated that Parliament be elected by all male heads of household and that the members be paid.

question

Cromwell's political power in England was based on his

answer

control of the army, with the resulting military dictatorship.

question

In English history, "the Commonwealth" refers to the period

answer

beginning with the rule of the Parliament under Oliver Cromwell.

question

The civil war in England

answer

resulted in a parliamentary victory over Charles I, who was captured.

question

The age of Louis XIV saw all of the following EXCEPT

answer

an attempt to increase social equality by curbing the privileges of the nobility.

question

Cardinal Richelieu

answer

strengthened royal authority by curbing the powers of the nobility and the Huguenots (French Protestants).

question

The Glorious Revolution in England

answer

led to William of Orange coming to the English throne, was caused in part by the Catholic policies of James II, and led to the reduction of Ireland to virtual colonial status.

question

The wars of Louis XIV

answer

were so expensive that they left France with a legacy of high taxes and increased poverty.

question

In which of the following ways did eastern Europe differ sharply from western Europe in the seventeenth century?

answer

The peasants of eastern Europe tended to be serfs rather than free.

question

Rural life in the first half of the seventeenth century was characterized by

answer

poverty, disease, and famine.

question

Kings in the seventeenth century faced all of these problems EXCEPT

answer

a violent popular movement for a republican form of government.

question

Charles I of England did all of the following EXCEPT

answer

attempt to keep England out of warfare abroad.

question

Before the reign of Peter the Great, Russia

answer

established a tradition of strongly autocratic monarchy.

question

Samuel Pepys was

answer

an English diarist in Restoration England who kept detailed accounts of that period.

question

The Dutch were able to maintain their tradition of local sovereignty when most successful states of the seventeenth century were developing strong central governments because

answer

the great prosperity of the Dutch in the seventeenth century moderated any pressure to impose a strong authority from above.

question

The English monarchy was restored in 1660 under

answer

Charles II.

question

Peter the Great made Russia a European power through his defeat of

answer

Sweden.

question

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Social Contract would remain controversial for two centuries because

answer

its concept of the general will can be used to support both participatory democracy and an authoritarian regime.

question

"I think, therefore I am" was stated by

answer

Descartes.

question

Which of the following thinkers is NOT properly paired with the book or idea that made him famous?

answer

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Spirit of the Laws

question

The traditional view of the universe was

answer

based on Greek science and philosophical thought.

question

Which of the following is NOT an idea discussed by Voltaire in his writings?

answer

complete social egalitarianism

question

rejected by Tycho Brahe, the greatest observational astronomer of the sixteenth century.

answer

development of physical laws that overturned Aristotle's physics.

question

Which of the following is NOT true about women in the Enlightenment?

answer

Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and the editors of the Encyclopedia all argued that women should play an active political role.

question

The work of Paracelsus, Vesalius, Harvey, and Boyle demonstrated that

answer

science was progressing not only in physics and astronomy but also in medicine, anatomy, and chemistry.

question

Which of the following ideas is NOT found in John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government?

answer

Monarchy is the only proper form of government.

question

The traditional view of the universe was undermined by the

answer

Hermetic doctrine that all matter from plants to the sun contained the divine spirit, upsetting of traditional understandings of geography by the process of exploration, and printing press, which permitted more ideas to be published and spread more rapidly.

question

Thomas Paine's statement "I believe in one God...I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church..." is an example of Enlightenment

answer

deism.

question

According to the text, the philosophes were best represented by

answer

Voltaire.

question

The importance of Francis Bacon and René Descartes in the Scientific Revolution stems from their

answer

ideas on observation, experimentation, and mathematics, which helped establish the methodology of science.

question

Newton made many important scientific discoveries but is best known for his

answer

discovery of how gravitation holds the universe together.

question

During the Enlightenment,

answer

science was popularized in numerous books written for general audiences.

question

By the end of the Scientific Revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,

answer

science had claimed precedence over religion in explaining the material world.

question

Which statement best sums up the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

answer

By challenging the accepted scientific wisdom, the early scientists paved the way for broader Enlightenment critiques of religion, government, and society

question

Nicolaus Copernicus is best known as the first

answer

modern thinker to posit that the earth revolved around the sun.

question

Enlightenment thinkers admired the psychology of John Locke, who argued that

answer

the human mind was blank at birth, and thus schools and social institutions should mold the individual from childhood to adulthood.

question

Johannes Kepler

answer

offered the first real proof of the Copernican hypothesis by discovering three laws of planetary motion.

question

Which of the following was NOT characteristic of the Enlightenment?

answer

that it was dominated by Italian and Spanish thinkers

question

Vindication of the Rights of Women was written by

answer

Mary Wollstonecraft.

question

The scientist who discovered the law of universal attraction was

answer

Newton.

question

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which civilization(s) continued to challenge the standard assumptions of their civilization?

answer

Westerners

question

The religious attitude of most early scientists, unleashed by the Reformation, was

answer

that they were investigating a universe created by God.

question

Scientific ideas were spread in large part

answer

by a combination of private and royal societies.

question

By publishing his Treatise on Tolerance, Voltaire showed an affinity with the ideas of

answer

Bayle.

question

Galileo Galilei

answer

used a telescope to discover that Jupiter had moons and that the sun had spots.

question

The ideas of Pierre Bayle and David Hume demonstrated that

answer

the Enlightenment was moving in a skeptical direction, challenging scriptural authority and religious beliefs.

question

The debts incurred by Britain in order to defeat France in North America were an important, though not the sole, reason for the Stamp Act.

answer

True

question

As part of his philosophy as an enlightened absolutist, Frederick the Great abolished serfdom in Prussia.

answer

False

question

The two major wars between Frederick the Great of Prussia and Maria Theresa of Austria were

answer

the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War.

question

An important part of the new agricultural methods seen in Great Britain was

answer

the development of larger blocks of land by the enclosure process, and smaller farmers' loss of land.

question

Catherine the Great's interest in the Enlightenment led to much greater freedom for Russian peasants.

answer

False

question

During the eighteenth century, the thriving heart of colonial commerce was the

answer

slave trade.

question

The peace in 1763 that ended the Seven Year's War

answer

left matters in Europe much as they had been before.

question

The novels of Samuel Richardson were popular because they strictly avoided sexual references.

answer

False

question

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was

answer

a great musical composer who helped establish classical music.

question

An important contrast between the eighteenth-century novel and eighteenth-century art and architecture was that

answer

novels tended to reflect middle-class tastes, while painting concerned mostly, but not exclusively, the aristocracy.

question

Louis XV ran a more efficient French government than had his predecessor, Louis XIV.

answer

False

question

The two major music styles of the eighteenth century were

answer

baroque and classical.

question

Catherine the Great of Russia did all of the following. Which one was NOT in accord with Enlightenment principles?

answer

She waged a successful war against the Ottoman Turks.

question

Lower-class culture in the eighteenth century

answer

included festivals, some forms of literature, music, dancing, and a good deal of drinking.

question

Poland was partitioned because

answer

it was faced with a weak central government, a lack of defensible frontiers, and the powerful neighboring states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

question

Under Frederick William I, 70 percent of the Prussian state budget went to the army.

answer

True

question

Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel were the two greatest practitioners of the baroque style of music.

answer

True

question

The eighteenth-century colonial world saw

answer

France and England become the chief colonial rivals because of the decline of the other colonial powers.

question

Upon seizing power in France, Napoleon Bonaparte

answer

consolidated his rule by employing and seeking support from a combination of Jacobins, Old Regime Officials, returning émigré nobles, and Catholics.

question

Under the direction of the Jacobins of the Mountain, the National Convention

answer

expelled and arrested the leaders of the Gironde, enacted the Law of the Maximum to control the price of bread and flour, and formed the Committee of Public Safety to carry out radical revolutionary programs.

question

In the New World, the French Revolution inspired a major slave revolt in

answer

St. Domingue (Haiti).

question

The most important cause of the French financial crisis of the late 1780s was

answer

an inadequate taxation and banking system.

question

The major purpose of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution was to

answer

protect the new French Republic from its enemies and to satisfy the demands by the sans-culottes for immediate action against those enemies.

question

The Committee of Public Safety during the French Revolution had two principal goals: to secure the republic against internal and external enemies, and to carry out a program of revolutionary radicalism.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is NOT correctly given as a reason for growing European resistance to Napoleonic rule?

answer

dissatisfaction with the Napoleonic Code because it embodied the principles of the French Revolution

question

The Tennis Court Oath was taken by the noble delegates to the Estate General, vowing to resist the demands of the third estate for a change in the voting procedure.

answer

False

question

The king of France at the beginning of the French Revolution was

answer

Louis XVI.

question

The National Assembly in France

answer

converted France into a constitutional monarchy.

question

The application of the Continental System by Napoleon started to bring about a growing European dissatisfaction with the emperor.

answer

True

question

The "Thermidorian reaction" during the French Revolution came when the Convention overthrew and executed

answer

Robespierre.

question

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy

answer

divided the French Catholic population.

question

Napoleon's second victorious military campaign culminated with the defeat of the British at the Battle of the Nile.

answer

False

question

Napoleon's invasion of Russia failed for several reasons, including

answer

a lack of adequate supplies, and a hard, cold winter.

question

The Parisian fortress captured by the populace on July 14, 1789, was the

answer

Bastille.

question

The Jacobins and the Girondins

answer

were rival revolutionary political factions in the National Convention.

question

The Republic of Virtue

answer

was an attempt to infuse all aspects of French life with revolutionary politics.

question

In spite of the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen,

answer

many new political and social rights were denied to women.

question

The year 1805 saw the French navy defeated at Austerlitz, while Napoleon won a brilliant land victory at Trafalgar.

answer

False

question

Those in the Estates General who took the Tennis Court Oath vowed to

answer

not separate until they had written a constitution for France.

question

In the National Convention during the French Revolution, the Jacobins sat on the right and the Girondins sat on the left.

answer

False

question

The Directory, which succeeded the Republic of Virtue in France, soon had a firm and unchallenged control over the country.

answer

False

question

The war that broke out in 1792 between France and much of Europe was caused by

answer

the threatening attitudes of European monarchs toward the Revolution, egged on by exiled French aristocrats, the belief of the French royal family that France's defeat would mean the restoration of the old monarchy, and the hope of French radicals that the war would expose the inefficiency and disloyalty of the king, paving the way for a republic.

question

Napoleon's attempt to come back from exile in St. Helena led to his final defeat at Leipzig.

answer

False

question

The major accomplishments of the National Assembly during the French Revolution included

answer

a written constitution.

question

Overall, the industrial revolution saw

answer

major changes in both technology and society.

question

During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, China

answer

rebuffed British attempts to establish better diplomatic and economic relations.

question

The major epidemic disease of the early nineteenth century was

answer

cholera.

question

Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo argued that European population growth would spur a booming economy in the next several decades.

answer

False

question

The first areas on the continent of Europe to undergo Britain's industrialization were Holland, north Germany, and central Italy.

answer

False

question

Cities in early nineteenth-century Europe

answer

were plagued with rising crime rates.

question

Nineteenth-century women who succeeded as painters and authors generally met with public approval.

answer

False

question

The cloth industry was one of the first affected by the industrial revolution. The production of which of the following cloth products was transformed the most?

answer

cotton

question

The new industrial world changed the role of middle-class women because

answer

paid employees did much of the business work once done by the middle-class wife, middle-class women began to have more servants to lighten the domestic tasks they had previously performed in addition to their business duties, and middle-class women began to pay more personal attention to the rearing of their children.

question

The social structure of Europe in the nineteenth century during the period of industrialization was altered by the

answer

growing prosperity of the middle classes and the growth of an industrial working class.

question

Prior to the industrial revolution, the British iron industry was small because of

answer

limited supplies of charcoal for smelting, and the use only of human and animal power.

question

Living conditions for persons who left rural villages for factory work in early-nineteenth-century Britain clearly took a turn for the worse.

answer

True

question

A great advantage of the steam engine was that it permitted manufacturing to move away from the sources of water power to sites where large factories could be constructed.

answer

False

question

Public health began to improve in the early nineteenth century because of all of the following EXCEPT

answer

the "miasma" theory of disease triumphing among both doctors and the public.

question

Factory owners often preferred to employ women and children because they could be paid lower wages than men performing the same tasks.

answer

True

question

Railroads in Britain

answer

put together many of the trends of the industrial revolution, especially iron, coal, and steam.

question

Life for industrial workers in early industrial Britain was marked by

answer

insecurity because of low wages and the threat of unemployment, the risk of injury because of the lack of factory safety, and the need for workers to follow the pace of machinery rather than set their own working pace.

question

The British working class in the early industrial revolution

answer

often worked twelve to sixteen hours a day, six days a week.

question

The working patterns of lower-class women were about the same as the working patterns of middle-class women during the industrial revolution

answer

False

question

One of the most important developments of the early British industrial revolution was the great expansion of the wool cloth industry.

answer

False

question

British advantages over continental European countries during the early industrial revolution included

answer

good water transportation, major supplies of coal and iron ore, and the ability to mobilize capital for industrial development.

question

Before the process known as the industrial revolution, all of the following were true EXCEPT that

answer

more than half the British population lived in cities.

question

One of the main forces driving women to prostitution in the cities was

answer

the danger of solitude.

question

The Crystal Palace

answer

was a glass and iron building that exhibited the latest products of the industrial revolution.

question

In marriage and child-rearing, nineteenth-century middle-class families emphasized material comfort rather than emotional ties.

answer

False

question

Which of the following was NOT one of the important early inventors during the industrial revolution?

answer

Oliver Cromwell

question

Which of the following revolutions of 1830 is correctly described?

answer

Belgium—successful because Belgium succeeded in winning independence from the Netherlands

question

The idea that the social and political order was based on a hierarchy of institutions whose legitimacy was based on God and tradition was the nineteenth-century ideology of

answer

conservatism.

question

An important consequence of the June Days of 1848 in France was

answer

a major cleavage between radical urban Paris and conservative rural France that would long complicate French politics.

question

Early nineteenth-century Russia

answer

remained a champion of autocracy and conservatism in the reigns of Alexander I and Nicholas I.

question

All of the following were part of nineteenth-century nationalism EXCEPT

answer

the maintenance of a uniform devotion to political liberalism.

question

Early nineteenth-century nationalism

answer

adopted the revolutionary principle of popular sovereignty in France.

question

The origins of romanticism can be traced back to Voltaire.

answer

False

question

Victor Hugo and Sir Walter Scott are good examples of conservative and liberal romanticism, respectively.

answer

False

question

In spite of the antinationalistic policies of Prussia after 1815, the customs union, or Zollverein, helped pave the way for German national unification.

answer

True

question

The Enlightenment writer who is considered a founder of the romantic movement is

answer

Rousseau.

question

Between 1815 and 1848, the governments of continental Europe were usually dominated by the principle of

answer

conservatism.

question

For Karl Marx, human behavior was shaped especially by

answer

economic forces, such as the prevailing means of production during a given era in history, and the class struggle.

question

The 1848 revolution in France

answer

created a republic.

question

A major principle of early nineteenth-century Utopian Socialists was

answer

voluntary cooperation and an end to competitive individualism.

question

For all their promising beginnings, the revolutions of 1848 ultimately ended with the restoration of the presumably overthrown regimes for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that

answer

nationalists consistently allied with conservative forces to crush revolutionary movements.

question

The revolution in the Austrian Empire in 1848 resulted in the

answer

demand by Hungarian Magyars for autonomy from Austria, declaration by several Italian provinces of their independence from Austria, and call by Czech nationalists for a pan-Slavic congress to be held at Prague.

question

Worker dissatisfaction in Britain led to the successful Chartist movement and the establishment of universal male suffrage in 1848.

answer

False

question

The Reform Bill of 1832 brought about universal male suffrage in Britain.

answer

False

question

Which of the following music composers was NOT part of the romantic movement?

answer

Mozart

question

A major characteristic of the Utopian Socialists was their rejection of the idea of competition and their preference for self-sufficient communities away from the great cities.

answer

True

question

The Austrian Clemens von Metternich

answer

organized the repression of liberal movements through such means as the Carlsbad Decrees.

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