Chapter 28 Vocab and Questions – Flashcards

Hitler marched into Austria on March 12th, in order to forestall a plebiscite on Anschluss, the union of Germany and Austria. Italy did not object. The Anschluss was strategically significant, as Germany now surrounded Czechoslovakia, a country which was an affront to Hitler's sensibilities.

With the failure of the Western powers' appeasement policy and the signing of a German-Soviet pact, the stage for the war was set. In a political context is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power in order to avoid conflict: most often applied to the foreign policy of the British Prime Ministers Ramsay Macdonald, Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain towards Nazi Germany between 1935 and 1939.

In August 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill met at sea and agreed on a broad program of liberal peace aims, called the Atlantic Charter, in the spirit of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points. August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill met and agreed to the Atlantic Charter, which provided a theoretical basis for the peace they sought.

May 1940, Chamberlain was replaced by Winston Churchill (1874-1965), an early and forceful critic of Hitler. August 1940, Germany began bombardment of Britain, in the hopes of softening the country up for invasion. He managed to destroy much of London and kill 15,000 people. However, he lost twice as many planes as the British, and was forced to abandon the invasion plan.

Summer 1942, the Battle of Stalingrad raged for months, with the Russians eventually prevailing. The Germans lost an entire army. In the battle of Stalingrad, Russian troops contested every street and building. Although the city was all but destroyed in the fighting and Russian casualties were enormous, the German army in the east never recovered from the defeat it suffered there.

December 1944, the Germans launched a counter attack in Belgium and Luxembourg. Known as "The Battle of the Bulge," this was Germany's last gasp in the West.

The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, running from 1939 to the defeat of Germany in 1945. At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany, announced the day after the declaration of war, and Germany's subsequent counter-blockade. It was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943. The Battle of the Atlantic pitted U-boats and other warships of the Kriegsmarine (German navy) and aircraft of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) against the Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Navy, the United States Navy, and Allied merchant shipping

In Great Britain, parliament set up an independent, public corporation, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), supported by licensing fees. Elsewhere in Europe, the typical pattern was direct control by the government. Founded in 1927.

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin

Germany quickly overran Poland, using the new technique of Blitzkreig, "lightning warfare," which employed fast moving armored columns supported by airpower. Characterized by highly mobility and concentrated forces at point of attack. May 1940, Hitler began a Blitzkrieg through Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The British and French Armies in Belgium were forced to flee.

A French general, resistant, writer and statesman. He was the leader of Free France (1940-44) and the head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (1944-46). In 1958, he founded the Fifth Republic and was elected as the 18th President of France, until his resignation in 1969. He was the dominant figure of France during the Cold War era and his memory continues to influence French politics.

A system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all.

June 6th, 1944, D-day, a British-American invasion force landed at Normandy beach on the coast of France. By the beginning of September, France had been liberated.

Social process of removing Nazis from official positions and giving up any allegiance to Nazism- Carried out by the allies.

The 'Battle of Dunkirk took place in Dunkirk, France, during the Second World War between the Allies and Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation of British and allied forces in Europe from 26 May-4 June 1940.

The Nazi policy of ethnic cleansing—targeting Jews, Gypsies, political dissidents, and "social deviants"—began with imprisoning them in concentration camps, but by 1943 the Endlösung, or Final Solution, called for the systematic extermination of "undesirables."

The French Fourth Republic was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution.

The Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936, between the elected Popular Front Government and the Falangist Fascists, lead by General Francisco Franco (1892-1975). It lasted three years. Francisco Franco's Nationalists in the bloody Spanish Civil War, which lasted almost three years and claimed hundreds of thousands of lives.

President of the US during the Great Depression and World War II. Close allies with Winston Churchill

Some French men and women fled to Britain after the occupation, organizing the French National Committee of Liberation, or "Free French," to resist the occupation and the collaborators. However, large scale resistance did not begin until 1944.

A government that has had to flee to a foreign country because its own territroy has been conquered and occupied.

The Fate of the Polish Jewish community as a case study for the Holocaust. The joint German-Russian invasion of Poland brought millions of Jews under the control of the Nazi Government. 1940, the Jews were moved into ghettos, separate from the rest of the population. Many died of disease and malnourishment. 1941-1944, a systematic campaign of extermination was carried out. Jews were transported by rail to death camps throughout Poland, where millions were gassed to death. By 1945, 90% of the pre-1939 Polish Jewish population of Poland had been destroyed. Approximately 6 million Jews were murdered in the Nazi Holocaust.

On this day in 1940, German warships enter major Norwegian ports, from Narvik to Oslo, deploying thousands of German troops and occupying Norway. At the same time, German forces occupy Copenhagen, among other Danish cities. German forces were able to slip through the mines Britain had laid around Norwegian ports because local garrisons were ordered to allow the Germans to land unopposed. Hours after the invasion, the German minister in Oslo demanded Norway's surrender. The Norwegian government refused, and the Germans responded with a parachute invasion and the establishment of a puppet regime.

The Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War.

Goebbels was head of Nazi propaganda and was instrumental in building hatred of the Jews. He attempted to flee Germany at the end of WWII, but committed suicide when captured by Allied forces. Organizer of Kristallnacht

This nation would include all of the Germanic parts of the Habsburg Empire, including Austria. It would need extra room to live, Lebensraum, which would be taken from the Slavs, an inferior race, and cleared of Jews, the lowest of the races.

Agreements that Germany and France would accept a common border and Germans would settle boundary arguments with Poland and Czechoslovakia. Inspired hope in foreign policy. Violated when Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland.

The German air force before and during World War II.

The French remained behind the Maginot Line, while the British rearmed and the British Navy blockaded Germany.

A book written by Adolf Hitler while he was in prison. It combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's National Socialist political ideology.

Chamberlain flew to Munich Conference to attend summit with France, Italy, & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudetenland territories to Germany in return for Hitler promising to respect the sovereignty of the remainder of Czechoslovakia

Came as a result of a long series of negotiations. Adolf Hitler had demanded the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia; British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain tried to talk him out of it.

Nonaggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union that was concluded only a few days before the beginning of World War II and which divided eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence.

British statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward Nazi Germany (in office 1937-1940). May 1940, Chamberlain was replaced by Winston Churchill (1874-1965), an early and forceful critic of Hitler. Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister, made three flights to Germany between September 15th and 29th, attempting to appease Hitler and avoid war. He ended up conceding the Sudetenland to Germany, by withdrawing support from Czechoslovakia. However, Hitler insisted that the Czechs withdraw within three days. It looked like there would be war. Mussolini called a conference at Chamberlain's request. Chamberlain claimed he had brought "peace with honour."

Site of war crimes trials accusing Nazi leaders of "crimes against humanity;" trials showed that political and military leaders could be held accountable for actions in wartime.

When France occupied the Ruhr and seized control of the factories; occurred after Germany was unable to make reparation payments

n unsuccessful Allied military operation, fought in the Netherlands and Germany in the Second World War. The operation was split into two sub-operations: Market - the airborne forces, the First Allied Airborne Army, who would seize bridges Garden - the ground forces, consisting of the British XXX Corps.

Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II -- led to USSR joining the Allies.

Chamberlain's proclamation to London after Munich Conference. Disproved shortly after.

In July 1945, after the defeat of Germany, the Big Three met at Pottsdam. Germany was carved up into zones. The rest of Europe was split up. Ultimatum issued to Japan demanding their immediate surrender

A government that does not have the independence to rule by itself, but is controlled by a foreign power. Germany set up these in Vichy France, Greece, and Serbia.

Britain's Royal Air Force

On the eve of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Germany-Italy Axis bestrode most of western Europe by annexation, occupation, or alliance—from Norway and Finland in the north to Greece in the south and from Poland to France. Britain, the Soviets, a number of insurgent groups, and, finally, America, had before them the long struggle of conquering this Axis "fortress Europe."

A military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying their morale or their economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both.

The invasion of western Europe by the U.S, British, and French in 1944. This invasion was to take pressure off the Russians and divide the Germans. It was established by the D-Day Invasion.

Period of silence throughout Europe after Hitler smashed Poland. "Sit down war" German troops sat at the border of France for months.

The new dividing line in Europe between Fascist and Western democracies was made clearer by the Spanish Civil War. The war broke out in July 1936, between the elected Popular Front Government and the Falangist Fascists, lead by General Francisco Franco (1892-1975). It lasted three years. Germany and Italy supported the Falangists. The Soviets supported the Republicans. The Western democracies remained neutral. The Fascists won in 1939.

German name to refer to those northern, southwest, and western areas of Czechoslovakia which were inhabited primarily by German speakers, specifically the border districts of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia located within Czechoslovakia.

In 1943, Soviet, American and British leaders met at Tehran. They agreed to attack the western coast of Europe the following year.

In Russia, the Great Patriotic War is the war between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, which lasted from the German invasion of Russia on June 22, 1941 until Germany signed its unconditional surrender on May 9 1945.

The Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.

Term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.

"Under people"; word used by Nazi racial ideology to describe "inferior people", especially "the masses from the East" (Jews, Gypsies, Poles, Slavs, Russians, Serbs, Ukrainians, etc.).

The terms of the 1940 Armistice allowed the Germans to occupy more than half of France. In Southern France, Petain set up a dictatorial regime based in Vichy. Many conservatives viewed this as a positive thing. Some French men and women fled to Britain after the occupation, organizing the French National Committee of Liberation, or "Free French," to resist the occupation and the collaborators. However, large scale resistance did not begin until 1944.

The British prime minister during WWII who vowed "we shall never surrender," and led his people in resisting Germany. Allied with FDR.

February 1945, the Big Three met in Yalta. The Americans encouraged the Russians to join the war against Japan. In the tradition of Wilson, Roosevelt encouraged a united nations organization.

Adolf Hitler's government conducted a foreign policy aimed at the incorporation of ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) living outside German borders into the Reich; German domination of western Europe; and the acquisition of a vast new empire of "living space" (Lebensraum) in eastern Europe.

Hitler had no intention of just gaining back the lands Germany was stripped after World War I, he considered them inadequate. Hitler had a full chapter in Mein Kampf about Lebensraum or living space for the German people. Hitler wanted a free hand in Eastern Europe to fulfill this concept.

The policy of giving in to some of the demands of dictators in the hope that they would be satisfied and not ask for more. The policy to handle aggressions of ambitious countries with tolerance and mediation instead of armed intervention. Aim to avoid war and to maintain peace. Feared war, economically unprepared for war, etc.

The appeasement bought Germany valuable time to militarize and prepare for war, the west too was able to prepare during this time.

The casualties France suffered in WWI (one adult man out of three killed) made them want to avoid such a massacre again, they also did not want to see a fifth of their land destroyed once more, and they tried to avoid it by building a line of forts on the Rhine to stop the next invasion cold. Of course, that meant believing that the Germans would respect the neutrality of Belgium, which they didn't.

The superiority of the British Spitfire over German fighters and the fact that, due to fuel limitations, German fighters could only protect the bombers for a limited time, but the major reason was a strategic error. At the beginning of the Battle of Britain the Luftwaffe concentrated on attacking the British air fields. Despite british superority in aerial combat, their air fields were being steadily degraded and were approaching a point of such damage that the British air force would no longer have been able to fly its planes.

The Soviet Union was not very industrialized. Up to this point, the Soviet Union had not been very industrialized. That had changed by WWII, but the Germans were horribly mistaken. The Soviets had about 23,000 tanks by the time of the invasion, and their economy was considerably more modern than the the primitive country Germany had taken them to be. The Soviet army had weak leadership that was untested. Many generals and experienced commanders were removed from office at this time. The Soviet Union was not expecting an invasion. Germany and the Soviets had just signed a non-aggression pact in August 1939. The Soviets were not gearing up for war with Germany. The German Wehrmacht was essentially invincible. People were shocked about how quickly the French fell. At the time, the Maginot line seemed so well fortified that a German invasion seemed foolhardy. The Blitzkrieg strategy ended the war with France, a country with superior troop numbers and equipment defending its home territory and sovereignty. They could accomplish their objectives in a few months. Therefore, any concerns about the winter or supply lines would not be an issue in this case. Soviet forces were unlikely to retreat (like they did against Napoleon) because they needed the Baltic States, Moscow, Leningrad, and Ukraine.

Several mistakes were made during the operation, including a 38-day delay to start the invasion and Hitler's catastrophic decision to divert the main thrust southwards to help Army Group South capture Ukraine, thus delaying the attack on Moscow. By the time Army Group Central reached the outskirts of Moscow in early December 1941 — a teasingly close distance of 15 miles (German soldiers could actually see the spires of the Kremlin) — winter had set in, forever thwarting Hitler's plans to take the nation's capital. If that winter hadn't set in, there is the potential that Germany could've succeeded.

The US stopped sending Japan oil and other resources in a blockade, so Japan retaliated.

The US provided aid to the Allies, and the USA entering world war two was highly significant in the war in the Pacific as without the U.S there was nothing to stand in the way of the Japanese.

The U.S. believed that if the atomic bomb could end the war, Soviet influence after the war would be restricted and domestically the tremendous cost of development would be justified.

That's a very subjective question. One could way the death toll either way, to bomb or not to bomb, and lives would've been lost either way. Personally, I believe he wasn't right to use the bombs.

The British had much deprivation of ordinary products, because everything had to come by sea and this was dangerous/limited until 1944- most shipping space was reserved for war materiel so people did without. Britian still had rationing and war-related poverty until the 1950s. They spent the fortune of their whole empire buying American weapons and supplies. Germany was not on a war economy.

The end of the "Great Patriotic War" resulted in the Soviet Union being one of two of the world's great military powers.

The origin of the "Final Solution," the Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish people, remains uncertain. What is clear is that the genocide of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of Nazi policy, under the rule of Adolf Hitler. Hitler used this as a justification for taking over Poland, and most of the Jews he killed spoke Polish and were Polish citizens, albeit not Poles by ethnicity. Hitler wanted Poland as lebensraum, aka living room, for the Aryan race.

It was a defining event, it caused America to reevaluate their own racism, as well as provided a dark cloud over Germans who expressed a nationalistic sentiment.