Chapter 27-28 – Flashcards
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1) Of the following regions, which defied the common pattern of growing Western domination in the 19th century? A) Russia and Japan B) The Ottoman Empire C) Latin America D) West Africa E) Eastern Europe
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A) Russia and Japan
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2) Which of the following statements concerning the development of Russia and Japan to 1900 is NOT accurate? A) Neither Russia nor Japan rivaled the industrial might of the West by 1900. B) Both nations gained sufficient power to wield important political and military influence in the colonial scramble. C) Russia and Japan did launch significant industrialization by 1914. D) Both Russia and Japan achieved economic autonomy and a share in the West's core position. E) Japan outstripped Russia's industrial gains by 1900.
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D) Both Russia and Japan achieved economic autonomy and a share in the West's core position.
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3) Which of the following represents a significant difference between Russia and Japan? A) Only Japan had a significant aristocracy prior to industrialization. B) Only Russia participated in territorial expansion by 1914. C) Russia engaged in selective borrowing from Western models by 1700. D) Only Japan underwent significant political revolution prior to 1914. E) Only Japan experienced Communist uprisings by 1905.
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C) Russia engaged in selective borrowing from Western models by 1700.
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4) Which of the following reflects a significant similarity between Japan and Russia during the period of industrialization prior to 1914? A) Both experienced significant political revolutions. B) Both Japan and Russia had prior experience of imitation, Japan from China and Russia from Byzantium and the West. C) Both demonstrated remarkable political flexibility resulting in sweeping transformations of political structure. D) Both engaged in territorial acquisitions in the Ottoman Empire. E) Both had a large industrial labor force coupled with a small agricultural base.
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B) Both Japan and Russia had prior experience of imitation, Japan from China and Russia from Byzantium and the West.
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5) Russia's fear about Westernization in the first decades of the 19th century was rooted in A) concern about British invasion. B) the French Revolution. C) dislike of Western dress. D) worry over loss of Poland. E) German nationalism.
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B) the French Revolution.
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6) What nations were linked together in the Holy Alliance that grouped conservative monarchies together in defense of religion and the status quo in 1815? A) Britain, France, Spain B) Spain, Russia, Poland C) Russia, Prussia, Austria D) Austria, Japan, Russia E) France, Britain, Italy
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C) Russia, Prussia, Austria
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7) What was the name of the Russian revolt inspired by Western values in 1825? A) The Decembrist uprising B) The November rebellion C) Pushkin's revolt D) Pugachev rebellion E) Potemkin mutiny
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A) The Decembrist uprising
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8) Which of the following accounts for Russia's lack of significant revolution in 1830 and 1848? A) Russia lacked a substantial history of autocracy. B) Absence of a coercive labor system in Russia left scant cause for rebellion. C) Political repression D) Like England, Russia's history of participatory government and its national parliament forestalled revolution. E) Major reforms, satisfying most Russians
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C) Political repression
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9) Which of the following statements concerning Russian territorial expansion is most accurate? A) Russia's loss of Poland in the revolt of 1830 stimulated other attempts at territorial expansion. B) Russia actively opposed nationalist movements in the Balkans in keeping with its conservative tradition. C) Western powers actively aided Russia's pursuit of territories in the Ottoman Empire. D) No massive acquisitions marked the early 19th century, but Russia continued to be an aggressive competitor for territorial expansion. E) Russia expanded rapidly south of Alaska to Oregon and east to Utah.
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D) No massive acquisitions marked the early 19th century, but Russia continued to be an aggressive competitor for territorial expansion.
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10) Which of the following statements best describes the Russian economy at the beginning of the 19th century? A) Russia had achieved economic autonomy in the 18th century, although most of eastern Europe remained largely agricultural. B) The Russian economy was geographically oriented to the Ottoman Empire, a feature of the Mongol domination of Russia until the 15th century. C) Russia's economic dynamism and innovation rivaled that of the West. D) In return for low-cost grain exports, Russia and other east European areas imported Western luxury goods for aristocrats to display as badges of respectability. E) Russian heavy industry accounted for nearly all its economic growth.
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D) In return for low-cost grain exports, Russia and other east European areas imported Western luxury goods for aristocrats to display as badges of respectability.
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11) What war in the mid-19th century demonstrated Russia's widening gap with the West? A) Russo-Japanese War B) Napoleon's invasion of Russia C) Crimean War D) Sepoy rebellion E) Russo-Turkish War
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C) Crimean War
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12) What accounted for the West's victory over Russia in the Crimean War? A) The war was fought far from Russia, necessitating lengthy lines of communication and supply. B) Russia was forced to fight an offensive war against entrenched positions. C) The war was fought almost entirely at sea where the Russians were unable to bring numerical superiority to bear. D) The Western nations won because of industrial advantages. E) Sardinian and Polish assistance to the Russians was ineffective in the long run.
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D) The Western nations won because of industrial advantages.
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13) What tsar began the process of reform in the 19th century? A) Alexander I B) Alexander II C) Nicholas I D) Peter the Great E) Nicholas II
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B) Alexander II
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14) Which of the following was NOT a consideration in the reform of serfdom? A) An attempt to sweep away the tightly knit peasant communities on which serfdom depended B) The development of a vigorous and mobile labor force C) A desire to meet Western humanitarian standards D) Periodic peasant uprisings focused on lack of freedom, undue obligations, and lack of land E) The preservation of aristocratic power
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A) An attempt to sweep away the tightly knit peasant communities on which serfdom depended
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15) In what year were Russian serfs emancipated? A) 1831 B) 1854 C) 1861 D) 1868 E) 1914
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C) 1861
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16) Which of the following statements concerning the emancipation of the serfs in Russia is most accurate? A) The emancipation of the serfs destroyed the Russian aristocracy. B) Emancipation of the serfs loosened the grip of the tsarist state. C) In addition to personal freedom, the serfs were granted parcels of land subject to redemption payments. D) Following emancipation, peasants were free to move about Russia as they pleased leading to massive movements of agricultural labor. E) Few serfs were really emancipated due to the conditions imposed on their release.
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C) In addition to personal freedom, the serfs were granted parcels of land subject to redemption payments.
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17) All of the following were reforms introduced in Russia in the 1860s and 1870s EXCEPT A) the creation of the Duma, a national parliament. B) the creation of local political councils, the zemstvoes. C) the issuance of new law codes that cut back traditional punishments. D) reorganization of the military. E) technical legal freedom for the peasants.
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A) the creation of the Duma, a national parliament.
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18) What was the first step toward industrialization in Russia? A) The construction of factories B) The development of the mining sector C) The creation of an extensive system of railways D) The end of the grain trade with the West E) Mechanization of agriculture
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C) The creation of an extensive system of railways
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19) The Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903 responsible for much economic modernization was A) Piotyr Stolypin. B) Count Witte. C) Klemenz von Metternich. D) Gregor Mendel. E) General Kuropatkin.
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B) Count Witte.
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20) Which of the following statements concerning the capitalization of Russian industry is most accurate? A) Capital for Russian investment was almost entirely derived from liquidation of agricultural estates in Russia. B) By 1900 approximately half of Russian industry was foreign-owned by British, German, and French industrialists. C) It was the contact with the Japanese that led to an influx of capital for Russian industrialization. D) Russian industry was capitalized by a substantial middle class that had built up wealth in the grain trade with the West. E) United States investors were the largest owners of machinery in Russia by 1900.
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B) By 1900 approximately half of Russian industry was foreign-owned by British, German, and French industrialists.
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21) By 1900, how successful was the Russian industrialization program? A) Despite massive programs of forced labor and extensive government subsidies, the Russian program of industrialization failed. B) Russian industrialization progressed slowly and by 1900 had reached tenth in the world in terms of steel production. C) By 1900, Russia had surged to fourth rank in the world in steel production and was second to the United States in the newer area of petroleum production. D) Without access to plentiful raw materials, Russia was dependent on constant territorial acquisitions to fuel its lagging industrial program. E) Russia was unable to industrialize any of its larger businesses or regions.
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C) By 1900, Russia had surged to fourth rank in the world in steel production and was second to the United States in the newer area of petroleum production.
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22) Which of the following was present during the Russian program of industrialization? A) Attitudinal change among workers similar to the West B) A large middle class C) Rich natural resources D) Small, but efficient, factories E) A highly educated work force
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C) Rich natural resources
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23) All of the following were part of the rising tide of unrest in Russia during the second half of the 19th century EXCEPT A) the Orthodox church. B) ethnic minorities. C) peasants. D) the intelligentsia. E) the industrial workers.
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A) the Orthodox church.
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24) What was the general goal of the Russian intelligentsia? A) Political freedom, social reform, and retention of Russian culture B) Political freedom, retention of the social hierarchy, and increased Westernization C) Restriction of civil liberties, honor and deference to the emperor, retention of Russian culture D) Radical Westernization as part of a program of increased industrialization E) Globally competitive economy
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A) Political freedom, social reform, and retention of Russian culture
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25) Russian radicals who sought the abolition of all formal government were called A) Decembrists. B) Latitudinarians. C) abolitionists. D) anarchists. E) socialists.
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D) anarchists.
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26) What was the chief political method used by the anarchists to achieve reform? A) Strikes B) Terrorism C) Political rallies D) Voter registration E) Non-violent protest
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B) Terrorism
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27) Which of the following statements about Russian Marxism is most accurate? A) Marxist insistence on careful revolutionary organization and a focus on the working class were rapidly assimilated by anarchists and peasant groups. B) Marxist doctrines were not imported from the West, but originated among the Russian intelligentsia. C) Lenin introduced important innovations in Marxist theory, including the idea that a proletarian revolution could take place without going through a middle-class phase. D) Lenin was dedicated to the mass electioneering typical of Western socialist parties. E) Marxist doctrines were most applicable to an agrarian economy, not an industrial society.
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C) Lenin introduced important innovations in Marxist theory, including the idea that a proletarian revolution could take place without going through a middle-class phase.
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28) Lenin's approach was adopted by the groups of Russian Marxists known as A) Mensheviks. B) anarchists. C) Decembrists. D) Bolsheviks. E) Zemstvoes.
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D) Bolsheviks.
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29) Which of the following did NOT contribute to working-class radicalism in late 19th-century Russia? A) The absence of legal political outlets B) Severe conditions of early industrialization C) Rural unrest and adoption of peasant grievances D) Absence of unions E) Workplace reforms
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D) Absence of unions
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30) Failure in what war led to the Russian Revolution of 1905? A) Crimean B) Sino-Japanese C) Russo-Japanese D) World War I E) Russo-Turkish
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C) Russo-Japanese
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31) What group did the imperial government appeal to in the reforms following the revolution of 1905? A) Liberals B) Workers organizations C) Marxists D) Anarchists E) Conservatives
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A) Liberals
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32) What minister was responsible for enacting reforms for the peasantry following the revolution of 1905? A) Count Witte B) Grigori Rasputin C) Alexi Romanov D) Piotyr Stolypin E) Prince Gortchakov
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D) Piotyr Stolypin
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33) The Duma was A) the confrontation between radical workers and the tsarist army in 1905. B) a system of collective farms for peasants introduced following 1905. C) a national parliament created in the aftermath of the 1905 revolution. D) the imperial council that took over government after the abdication of the tsar in 1905. E) the Russian national labor union created after the Revolution of 1905.
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C) a national parliament created in the aftermath of the 1905 revolution.
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34) Peasants who responded to the reforms of 1905 by engaging in entrepreneurial activity including increasing production and buying up land were called A) zemstvoes. B) kulaks. C) anarchists. D) Marxists. E) soviets.
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B) kulaks.
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35) Which of the following Russian developments was NOT adopted in other east European states? A) National parliaments B) Emancipation of serfs C) Economic autonomy from the West D) Monarchic forms of government E) Nationalism
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C) Economic autonomy from the West
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36) Which of the following was NOT a 19th-century Russian novelist? A) Turgenev B) Pavlov C) Tolstoy D) Dostoevsky E) Gogol
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B) Pavlov
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37) Which of the following statements concerning the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 19th century is most accurate? A) The Shogunate bureaucracy had been opened to talented commoners, a reform that improved the standing of the government with the masses of the Japanese people. B) By the 19th century, the Tokugawa were able to dispense with the feudal organization of earlier Japan. C) Increasingly, the Shogunate depended on its long-standing alliances with Western powers to maintain its dominance. D) The Shogunate continued to combine a central bureaucracy with semi-feudal alliances with regional daimyos and the samurai. E) The Shogunate managed its finances carefully, and never carried a deficit.
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D) The Shogunate continued to combine a central bureaucracy with semi-feudal alliances with regional daimyos and the samurai.
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38) Which of the following statements concerning Tokugawa intellectual and cultural life is most accurate? A) Japanese literature reached its zenith during the last decades of the Tokugawa Shogunate. B) Confucianism rapidly lost ground to Buddhism as the major religious and ethical basis for Japanese society. C) Japan continued to be largely imitative of conservative Chinese intellectual currents rather than developing dynamic ethical and philosophical systems. D) Literacy in Japan reached levels higher than anywhere else outside the West. E) The Tokugawa placed little emphasis on learning and intellectual development.
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D) Literacy in Japan reached levels higher than anywhere else outside the West.
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39) Which of the following groups in Tokugawa Japan advocated interest in Western scientific advance? A) Dutch Studies group B) National Studies group C) Confucian scholars D) Buddhist scholars E) Shinto priests
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A) Dutch Studies group
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40) Who was responsible for the forced opening of Japan in 1853? A) Captain James Cook B) Commodore Matthew Perry C) Admiral Horatio Nelson D) Captain William Farragut E) Commodore George Perry
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B) Commodore Matthew Perry
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41) In what year was a new emperor, Mutsuhito, but commonly called "Meiji" or "Enlightened One," proclaimed, signaling the end of a major political crisis? A) 1854 B) 1868 C) 1875 D) 1889 E) 1914
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B) 1868
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42) Which of the following was NOT an advantage of Japan over China in the competition to assume leadership and to establish industrialization in Asia? A) Japan's leadership was less secular and bureaucratic than that of China. B) Japan already knew the benefits of imitation, which China had never acknowledged. C) Japan had allowed a more autonomous merchant tradition. D) Feudal traditions limited the heavy hand of government controls while stimulating a sense of competitiveness. E) Western countries were attracted to China first, so Japan had early leeway.
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A) Japan's leadership was less secular and bureaucratic than that of China.
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43) Which of the following statements concerning Japanese political reforms in the period of the Meiji state is NOT accurate? A) Meiji leaders established a new conservative nobility, stocked with former nobles and Meiji leaders that operated a British-style House of Peers. B) Samurai, destroyed by the removal of government stipends, were banned from participation in the Meiji Diet. C) The constitution issued in 1889 assured major prerogatives for the emperor along with limited powers for the lower house of the Diet. D) The bureaucracy was reorganized, insulated from political pressures, and opened to talent on the basis of civil service examinations. E) The Meiji came to power with very little violence due to the influence of the Western powers.
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B) Samurai, destroyed by the removal of government stipends, were banned from participation in the Meiji Diet.
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44) What was the primary difference between the reformed Japanese government and reformed Russian institutions by 1914? A) Japan retained an emperor at the head of government. B) Japan created a national parliament. C) Japan's government was elected by a broad majority of the population. D) Japan's government had incorporated business leaders into its governing structure. E) Russian institutions were more secular than Japan's.
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D) Japan's government had incorporated business leaders into its governing structure.
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45) One of the major similarities between Japanese and Russian industrialization was the fact that A) both lacked natural resources. B) scarce capital and unfamiliarity of new technology compelled state direction. C) neither was able to complete construction of a railway system. D) neither had any experience of cultural exchange with the West. E) a small group of independent entrepreneurs led to movement in each case.
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B) scarce capital and unfamiliarity of new technology compelled state direction.
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46) Huge industrial combines put together in Japan by the 1890s were called A) haiku. B) terakoya. C) zaibatsus. D) khitan. E) zemstvoes.
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C) zaibatsus.
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47) Which of the following statements concerning Japanese industrialization prior to World War I is correct? A) Japan's work force was among the highest paid in the world. B) Abundant natural resources made Japan virtually self-sufficient as an industrialized nation. C) By 1914, Japan had reached the level of industrialization found in the West. D) Japan needed exports to pay for machine and resource imports. E) Japan lagged far behind the West industrially.
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D) Japan needed exports to pay for machine and resource imports.
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48) Which of the following Western cultural characteristics was NOT adopted by large numbers of Japanese? A) Hair styles B) Standards of hygiene C) Western calendar D) Christianity E) Work styles
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D) Christianity
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49) Which of the following religions gained new adherents in industrialized Japan? A) Shinto B) Confucianism C) Buddhism D) Christianity E) Judaism
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A) Shinto
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50) Which of the following was NOT a sign of significant social stress in industrialized Japan? A) Disputes between generations over Westernization B) The increasing freedom and political influence of women C) Growth of nationalism D) Growth of urban slums E) Racial unrest
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B) The increasing freedom and political influence of women
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1) Approximately how long did World War I last? A) About four years B) About two years C) About six years D) About one year E) About three years
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A) About four years
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2) Which nation joined the Triple Entente alliance in the early 1900s (and to complete the alliance)? A) Germany B) Britain C) France D) Russia E) Italy
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B) Britain
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3) What was the region of Europe that produced the most diplomatic crises prior to World War I? A) Scandinavia B) The Balkans C) Italy D) Spain E) Iberian peninsula
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B) The Balkans
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4) What two European powers were directly involved in the Balkan diplomacy? A) Germany and Russia B) Russia and Britain C) Russia and Austria-Hungary D) France and Austria-Hungary E) Italy and Austria-Hungary
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C) Russia and Austria-Hungary
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5) Which of the following was NOT an event leading to the outbreak of World War I? A) The assassination of the Austrian archduke B) Austria's declaration of war on Serbia C) The mobilization of the Russian army D) France's invasion of Belgium E) The rise of the alliance system
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D) France's invasion of Belgium
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6) Germany's leaders counted on what to help them overwhelm the Belgians and French? A) Their country's superb railway system B) Small, but lightning-quick armies C) Submarine warfare D) Diplomacy E) Use of air power
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A) Their country's superb railway system
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7) By 1915, conflict on the Western Front A) had become a shifting game of rapid maneuver with few major battles. B) had resulted in the surrender of France and the establishment of the Vichy government. C) had resulted in victory for the British and French troops, who pushed the exhausted enemy to the borders of Germany. D) had settled into a deadly stalemate in which hundreds of thousands of lives were expended for a few feet of trench. E) had resulted in massive food shortages in both France and Great Britain.
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D) had settled into a deadly stalemate in which hundreds of thousands of lives were expended for a few feet of trench.
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8) Which of the following is NOT a reason for the quick suppression of the Russian armies during the first weeks of the war? A) Aristocratic generals B) Uncoded battle commands C) Destruction of the Russian fleet at Leningrad D) Ineffective artillery cover E) Poorly trained troops
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C) Destruction of the Russian fleet at Leningrad
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9) As a direct consequence of the war A) women's participation in the labor force increased greatly. B) women's participation in the labor force increased only slightly. C) women's participation in the labor force decreased significantly. D) women's participation in the labor force stayed basically at the same levels. E) women's participation in the labor force decreased only slightly
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A) women's participation in the labor force increased greatly.
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10) On the Italian front, the primary combatants were Italy and A) Germany. B) Russia. C) Austria-Hungary. D) France. E) Ottoman Turks.
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C) Austria-Hungary.
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11) Between 1914 and 1917, warfare on the Eastern Front A) pitted the forces of Russia and Austria-Hungary against the invading Germans. B) had reached a stalemate. C) resulted in the Serbian knockout of the Austrian forces. D) featured bloody trench warfare in which almost no land changed hands. E) was as bloody as the Western Front.
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C) resulted in the Serbian knockout of the Austrian forces.
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12) Which of the following was NOT a feature of war on home fronts between 1914 and 1919? A) Governments organized the major sectors of the economy to ration resources and production. B) Executive branches of government increasingly took over from parliaments. C) Governments controlled public opinion through manipulation of mass media such as newspapers. D) Strict government regulation prevented material shortages and famine. E) Union leadership served on industrial production boards designed to increase production.
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D) Strict government regulation prevented material shortages and famine.
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13) Which of the following countries did NOT have colonies outside Europe at the outbreak of the war? A) France B) Britain C) Austria-Hungary D) Italy E) Spain
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C) Austria-Hungary
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14) Which of the following statements concerning the global aspects of World War I is most accurate? A) The British dominions, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand remained aloof and virtually untouched by the war. B) By 1914, the United States had not entered the scramble for colonial possessions. C) American businessmen prior to 1917 profited by selling goods to both sides and by taking advantage of European distractions to seize new world markets. D) The United States aggressively entered the war in 1914 to demonstrate its new position as a world power. E) Germany discouraged colonial nationalists in their struggle against British imperialism.
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C) American businessmen prior to 1917 profited by selling goods to both sides and by taking advantage of European distractions to seize new world markets.
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15) What nation profited most by warfare in Asia between 1914 and 1919? A) Japan B) China C) New Zealand D) The United States E) India
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A) Japan
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16) During World War I, the Ottoman Empire A) vainly attempted to retain its neutrality in what the Turks perceived was a Christian conflict. B) long attached to German military advisors, joined Germany in the war effort. C) used the opportunity to reassert Turkish dominance over the Arab regions. D) launched assaults indifferently against the colonial possessions of Britain, France, and Germany. E) began a program of "genocide" in Greece, resulting in a massive migration of Greeks to Italy.
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B) long attached to German military advisors, joined Germany in the war effort.
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17) The sea warfare during World War I consisted largely of A) major surface battles between the fleets of Britain and Germany. B) a single major battle in which the German fleet destroyed the Russian navy. C) German submarine warfare. D) the British attempt to destroy the Russian fleet in the Mediterranean. E) "non-battles" between the German and British naval forces.
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C) German submarine warfare.
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18) By 1917 the war on the Eastern Front A) had stagnated into a stalemate in which neither side had an advantage. B) led to a major revolution in Russia that toppled the tsarist government. C) was resolved by a peace treaty between the combatants. D) resulted in a massive Russian offensive fueled by the numerical superiority of Russian armies. E) had developed into trench warfare similar to the Western Front.
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B) led to a major revolution in Russia that toppled the tsarist government.
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19) In what year did the German forces on the Western Front agree to end the fighting? A) 1916 B) 1917 C) 1918 D) 1919 E) 1920
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C) 1918
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20) Before their surrender, the German generals running the government A) installed a new civilian government to shoulder the blame of defeat. B) murdered the emperor and named Hitler chancellor. C) issued a statement accepting blame for the policies that had led to World War I. D) overthrew the civilian government and established a military dictatorship. E) attempted to negotiate through Lenin and the communists in Russia.
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A) installed a new civilian government to shoulder the blame of defeat.
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21) Which of the following was NOT included in the final set of treaties that ended World War I? A) A League of Nations was formed, but the United States refused to join. B) Russia was rewarded for its service to the Allies by the grant of substantial territories in Poland and the Baltic republics. C) Germany was forced to accept blame for the war and to pay huge reparations to the victorious Allies. D) Austria-Hungary was divided up into a Germanic Austria as well as the independent states of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. E) Poland was created from eastern German territory.
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B) Russia was rewarded for its service to the Allies by the grant of substantial territories in Poland and the Baltic republics.
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22) Approximately how many soldiers died as a result of the carnage of World War I? A) One million B) Two million C) Five million D) 10 million E) 20 million
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D) 10 million
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23) The series of treaties that ended World War I was negotiated at A) Potsdam. B) Brest-Litovsk. C) London. D) Versailles. E) Berlin.
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D) Versailles.
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24) What made colonial regimes particularly vulnerable to challenges from within in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? A) The growing industrialization of colonial societies B) Colonial governments were built in collaboration with indigenous elite groups. C) Their dependence on European military forces D) The dependence of plantation economies on the West E) Efforts of communist-based movements to appeal to the peasant classes
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B) Colonial governments were built in collaboration with indigenous elite groups.
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25) A large portion of the government of India's budget went to all of the following EXCEPT A) high salaries and pensions of British administrators. B) the purchase of railway equipment and steel from Great Britain. C) the huge Indian army, often engaged outside of India. D) state support for the development of Indian industries. E) public works projects to improve the Indian infrastructure.
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A) high salaries and pensions of British administrators.
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26) By the last years of the 19th century, the Congress Party in India was appealing to A) investors and businessmen. B) peasants. C) laborers. D) untouchables. E) women.
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A) investors and businessmen.
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27) Which of the following statements concerning the position of the early Congress Party in India is most accurate? A) It was committed to relieving the poverty of the Indian masses. B) It demanded the immediate decolonization of India. C) It was loyal to the British rulers and primarily concerned with interests of the Indian elite. D) It was closely involved with the development of a strong labor movement within Indian industry. E) Its leadership mostly came from the peasants of India.
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C) It was loyal to the British rulers and primarily concerned with interests of the Indian elite.
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28) In 1885, regional associations of Western-educated Indians came together to form the A) Indian Socialist Workers Party. B) Liberal Party. C) Revolutionary Nationalist Party. D) Indian National Congress Party. E) Muslim League.
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D) Indian National Congress Party.
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29) What nationalist movement pioneered patterns of decolonization and European retreat? A) Kenya B) India C) Vietnam D) Algeria E) South Africa
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B) India
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30) Which of the following statements concerning the leadership of the decolonization movement in India just prior to World War I is most correct? A) Leadership was assumed by more radical members of the Congress Party such as Tilak just before 1914. B) The Congress party lost its leadership role to the Socialist Party, which was more willing to court the masses of the Indian peasantry. C) Tilak's removal and the repression campaigns against terrorists, along with British reforms, strengthened the hands of the Western-educated moderates in the Congress Party. D) It is difficult, if not impossible, to identify leadership in the fragmented Congress Party of 1914. E) The assassination of Gandhi led to a split between Muslim moderates and more extreme Congress Party leaders.
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C) Tilak's removal and the repression campaigns against terrorists, along with British reforms, strengthened the hands of the Western-educated moderates in the Congress Party.
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31) What British reform in 1909 provided educated Indians with expanded opportunities both to elect and to serve on local and all-India legislative councils? A) The Halstead-Coleman reforms B) The Cornwallis Commission C) The Bentinck reforms D) The Morley-Minto reforms E) Rowlatt Act
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D) The Morley-Minto reforms
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32) In what region of India was the terrorist movement most concentrated before World War I? A) Deccan plateau B) Punjab C) Bengal D) Bombay E) Ceylon
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C) Bengal
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33) The radical wing of the Congress Party under B. G. Tilak proposed what formula as the basis for the party's political program? A) An appeal to conservative Hinduism, including boycotts of British goods, full independence, use of Hindu festivals as opportunities for rallies, and opposition to women's education B) An appeal to unity among the Christians, Buddhists, and Muslims of India C) A reform program intended to remove cultural limitations on women D) Emphasis on Muslim teachings, particularly the need to put off British cultural influence E) An appeal to leading British industrialists and to Parliament itself to plead their case along with a propaganda campaign using the British press and media to persuade the common English voter
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A) An appeal to conservative Hinduism, including boycotts of British goods, full independence, use of Hindu festivals as opportunities for rallies, and opposition to women's education
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34) Who was the first Indian nationalist leader with a genuine mass following? A) J. Nehru B) M. K. Gandhi C) M. A. Jinnah D) B. G. Tilak E) Indira Gandhi
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D) B. G. Tilak
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35) What group within Egypt took up the cause of national independence and decolonization? A) The ayan B) The Turco-Egyptian political elite C) Sons of the effendi D) The peasants E) The khedives
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C) Sons of the effendi
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36) Which of the following groups did NOT benefit from the British economic reforms in Egypt? A) The ayan B) The Egyptian bourgeoisie C) The peasants D) The Turco-Egyptian political elite E) The khedives
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C) The peasants
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37) What British political officer dominated government policy in Egypt after 1882 and pushed for economic reforms intended to reduce the Khedival debt? A) Lord Afton B) Lord Cromer C) Lord Bentinck D) General Gordon E) Lord Balfour
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B) Lord Cromer
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38) The British first occupied Egypt following the Orabi revolt in A) 1805. B) 1867. C) 1882. D) 1914. E) 1902
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C) 1882.
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39) British occupation of Egypt meant double colonization, by the British and A) the French. B) the Arabs. C) the Germans. D) the Turks. E) the Italians
answer
D) the Turks.
question
40) Egypt is the one country in the Afro-Asian world in which A) decolonization occurred in the 19th century. B) decolonization failed to occur until the 1980s. C) European countries failed to establish a colonial base until after World War I. D) the emergence of nationalism preceded European conquest and domination. E) both peasants and the educated elite form a secular nationalist party under Nasser.
answer
D) the emergence of nationalism preceded European conquest and domination.
question
41) What was the Dinshawai incident? A) A party of Egyptian guerillas destroyed much of the Egyptian railway system. B) A group of British officers was imprisoned in a great hole in Khartoum. C) The accidental shooting of the wife of a Muslim prayer leader by British officers D) The British tore down an Islamic mosque in order to construct a cathedral. E) Discovery of bribes paid by British officials to Turkish khedives
answer
C) The accidental shooting of the wife of a Muslim prayer leader by British officers
question
42) What was the outcome of the Dinshawai incident in Egypt? A) The British withdrew from Egypt prior to World War I. B) The British were forced to suppress a revolt led by the Mahdi in the Sudan. C) Mass support, including the emergence of ayan allegiance, for the national cause grew in Egypt. D) Islamic mullahs began to preach against the nationalist movement. E) The British established a mandate in Egypt, leading to the creation of the first democracy in the Middle East.
answer
C) Mass support, including the emergence of ayan allegiance, for the national cause grew in Egypt.
question
43) By 1913, the British A) had granted full independence to Egypt. B) had eliminated resistance to their regime in Egypt. C) granted a constitution to Egyptian nationalists. D) had withdrawn from Egypt. E) had built a canal in Egypt between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
answer
C) granted a constitution to Egyptian nationalists.
question
44) Prior to World War I, what was the primary difference between Egyptian and the Indian nationalist movements? A) In India a single political party dominated the nationalist movement, but in Egypt a variety of rival parties proliferated. B) The Egyptian nationalist movement was dominated by peasantry, while in India Western-educated lawyers ran the movement. C) Whereas India had been dominated by the British since the 18th century, Europeans played no role in Egyptian colonialism. D) Egypt lacked an educated elite capable of assuming leadership of the nationalist movement. E) The Egyptian nationalist movement had aligned itself with Lenin and the Bolsheviks while the Indian nationalist movement had remained independent.
answer
A) In India a single political party dominated the nationalist movement, but in Egypt a variety of rival parties proliferated.
question
45) The British promised support for a Jewish settlement in the Middle East in the A) Sinai Resolution. B) Exodus Pact. C) Chamberlain Manifesto. D) Balfour Declaration. E) Fourteen Points.
answer
D) Balfour Declaration.
question
46) Which of the following statements concerning the early nationalist movements of Africa is most accurate? A) French-speaking west Africans tended to concentrate their efforts at political representation within their colonies. B) By the mid-1920s, racist views of African society were becoming more strident, and most Europeans refused to countenance the concept of a progressive African culture. C) Pan-Africanism, linking all Africans in a single national movement for independence, was the most successful apparatus for achieving decolonization. D) The early leadership of pan-African organizations was more often American and West Indian than African. E) Most African nationalist movements were split between Muslim and Christian ideals.
answer
A) French-speaking west Africans tended to concentrate their efforts at political representation within their colonies.
