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Which of the following trends helped lead to the outbreak of the Great War?

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European states felt they had to uphold the power of their allies for their own internal security

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The First World War not only killed millions of human beings, it also destroyed one of the basic intellectual precepts upon which recent Western Civilization had been founded:

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the belief in progress

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Before the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the general outlook for the future by most Europeans was

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highly optimistic with material progress expected to create an earthly utopia.

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The immediate cause of World War I was

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the assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo.

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Among nineteenth-century European political movements, the one most responsible for triggering World War I was

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nationalism.

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Between 1890 and 1914, in part through conscription, European military forces had

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doubled in size

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The outbreak of the Great War was greatly accelerated by the Schlieffen Plan, which was

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Germany's military plan to invade France through neutral Belgium before attacking Russia

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The rivalry between which states for domination of southeastern Europe helped create serious tensions before World War I?

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Austria-Hungary and Russia

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What was the state that was a thorn in Austria-Hungary's side and a primary cause of World War I?

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Serbia

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On the eve of the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914, William II of Germany

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attempted to engage Nicholas II in a diplomatic dialogue to possibly avoid war

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Austrian ultimatums to Serbia, hastening the outbreak of World War I, came, in part, because the

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Austrians had received a "blank check" of German support and military backing.

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In August 1914, the perception of the upcoming war among Europeans was that

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the war would be very short, possibly only weeks in duration.

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As early as July 28, 1914, European diplomats were becoming incapable of slowing a rush toward war mainly because

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the complex, rigid, and demanding mobilization plans devised by European army generals made immediate military action essential.

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Most Europeans believed that the Great War would

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be an exciting, emotional release from the otherwise dull and boring existence of mass society

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The most important consequence of the first year of World War I was

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a deadly stalemate on the western front as a result of the failure of German war plans.

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On the eastern front,

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the Russian invasion of Germany was repelled.

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The development of trench warfare in France was characterized by

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long periods of boredom broken by artillery barrages and frontal assaults by enemy troops

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The First World War in the east was characterized by

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more mobility than the trench warfare on the Western Front

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As fought in the World War I, trench warfare

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a and c (became a senseless slaughter of troops on all sides with hundreds of thousands of men dying for battlefield gains of a few miles; became increasingly unreal as baffled and incompetent officers persistently ordered their men to accomplish battlefield objectives that were impossible)

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As soldiers on both sides realized that no one could gain an advantage in trench warfare

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daily life for the soldier became increasingly squalid and miserable in rat-infested trenches.

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"The Watch on the Rhine," a song that expressed deep patriotism and the heroism of fighting men, was a favorite tune of the

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Germans.

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The tank

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would play a larger role in World War II than in World War I.

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The entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917

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gave the nearly-defeated allies a psychological boost.

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The chief reason for the United States' entry into World War I was

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German violations of the principles of neutrality and freedom of the seas

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Economically, World War I

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witnessed European governments gradually take full control of all aspects of their economies

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In World War I, the Turkish Ottoman Empire fought on the side of

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Austria and Germany

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The fact that European states fighting in World War I had to effectively organize masses of men and material for years of deadly combat led to

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all of the above (increased centralization and expansion of government powers; economic regimentation of entire countries; unscrupulous manipulation of public opinion through mass propaganda and government control of information)

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As public morale and support for the war ebbed

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police powers were expanded to include the arrest of all dissenters as traitors to the state.

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The capable French wartime leader Georges Clemenceau uttered perhaps the only observation on World War One worthy of memory when he said

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"War is too important to be left to generals."

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Internal opposition to the war in European nations came largely from

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liberals and socialists appalled by the scale of human slaughter

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The women workers of World War I played an important role in

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gaining women the right to vote immediately following the war

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Death rates at the front in World War One were high for all soldiers engaged regardless of their prior social status, but mortality was especially great among

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a and c (junior officers drawn largely from the aristocracy; unskilled laborers and peasants comprising the mass of infantry troops)

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One socioeconomic group that clearly benefited from World War I was

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large industrialists, especially owners of factories making weapons and munitions

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The collapse of Russia's tsarist regime in March 1917 was aided by all of the following except

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the leadership of the Mensheviks in forming the new Provisional Government.

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Which of the following statements best applies to Nicholas II's tsarist regime?

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Alexandra, Nicholas' wife, kept him isolated from the reality of domestic disturbances.

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V.I. Lenin

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as a leader of the Bolsheviks, promised "peace, land, and bread."

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Lenin's "April Theses"

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outlined a specifically Russian movement toward socialism without first going through a bourgeois revolution

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Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1917

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Lenin ratified the redistribution of land which had already been seized by peasants.

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After seizing power in October 1917, Lenin

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repudiated the democratic elections which had given the Bolsheviks only a minority of delegates.

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In the 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,

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to get peace, Lenin gave up Finland, the Ukraine, Poland, and the Baltic states

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The Second Battle of the Marne was

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the end of Germany's final, futile effort to win the war

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In World War I, it is estimated that ____ soldiers died and ____ were wounded

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eight or nine million, twenty-two million

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All of the following states were created out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire following World War I except

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Poland.

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For Woodrow Wilson, the most important thing after the war was to

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assure acceptance of his Fourteen Points.

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The chief motivation of Georges Clemenceau's terms of armistice was to

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punish Germany and gain security for France.

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The Treaty of Versailles

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forced Germany to acknowledge "war guilt" and to pay reparations for its alleged wartime aggression.

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The feature of the Versailles Treaty that most Germans found very hard to accept was

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Article 231, the "War Guilt Clause" which imposed heavy war reparations on Germany.

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As a result of World War I, Eastern Europe

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witnessed the emergence of many new nation-states.

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In the aftermath of World War I,

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the United States retreated into isolationism.

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The series of revolutionary upheavals in central Europe following Germany's defeat led to

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the creation of several independent republics within the old Austro-Hungarian Empire.

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