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Coldwar

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divided the continent and the world into tow hostile and highly armed camps ; Europe and the US vs. Former Soviet Union (Russia)

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EU (European Union)

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-Europe's attempt to set aside nationalistic pride to work toward economic, cultural, economic integration. -Made up of 27 countries anchored by western European states; Germany, Italy, France and UK

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Environmental Diversity in Europe

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1.) Complex geology of Eurasion Land mass 2.)Latitudinal extent from Arctic to Mediterranean 2.)Moderation influences such as Baltic Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and Black Sea 3.) Long history of human settlement has transformed and modified Europe's natural landscapes over 1000's of years.

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Europe's 4 general Topographic regions

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1.) European Lowland- arc from southern france to northeast plains of Poland also including southeaster England 2.) Alpine mountain system- Pyrenees in the west to Balkan Mountains 3.) Central Uplands 4.)Western Highlands-Spain, portions of the British Isles and the highlands of Scandinavia

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European Lowland

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- High population density -variety in landscape -estuaries that empty into ocean -Rhine River Delta divides unglaciated southern European Lowland from the glaciated plain to the north. -Ice sheet moved 15,oo0 years ago an Netherlands and Germ and Denmark, Poland are far LESS fertile than unglaciated Belgium and France

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Glacial Melt Water

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created infertile outwash plains w/ limited agricultural potential

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The Alpine Mountain System

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-Topographic spine of Europe -Mountains running east to west from the Atlantic to Black Sea and Southern Mediterranean -Created more "recently" than rest of Europe

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The Pyrenees

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Form the political border between Spain and France and microstate Andorra -Home to BASQUE people and CATLAN-Speaking minorities Minority groups ^^^^

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The Alps

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Europe's "Center Piece" (500 miles) -Cultural divide between the Mediterranean south, central lands with west Europe in the north -

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Apennine Mountains

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-are located south of alps -Alps and Alpine are Physically connected by hilly coastline of italian rivera. -volcanos that are product of Eurasia and Africa tectonic plates -mountainous spine of italy -mt. Etna

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Carpathian Mountains

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-define the limits of the Alpine system in Eastern europe -"plow-shaped" upland area from Austria to Iron Gate gorge -borders where romania and serbia intersect -same length as alpine but not as high -

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CENTRAL uplands

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-Western Europe -Much older Highlands -between Alps and European lowland -rolling landscapes above sea level -very important to Europe because of raw materials that come from there --> iron and coal

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Western Highlands

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-Define Western Edge of European Subcontinent from portugal to south of British isles in the northwest to backbone of NOrway and sweden and FInland spectacular coast line of Fjords (flooded vllet inlets) Fenno-Scandian Shield of Sweden and Finland = oldest rock romations in the WORLD~~ -extremely thin soil, limited agriculture -glaciated shield

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MArtime CLimate

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along atlantic coast moderate and moist -produces Mediterranean climates of California and south africa and chile and west australia -touristy b/c rainless summers -drought -traditional Mediterranean cultures

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Europe's Ring of Seas

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-each strategically connect through narrow straits for controlling waterborne trade and naval movement -Baltic sea separates Scandinavia from north central Europe -Dennmark and sweden control straits that connect Baltic to North sea -north sea historically fishing ground and rich oil and natural gas

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Martime West climate

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never below freezing but indeed cold overcast

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English Chanel

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separates british isles from continental europe -narrowest point = Dutch straight

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Four seas that encircle Europe

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mediterranin sea baltic sea black sea english channel

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major ports are found..

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at the mouths of all European rivers where they serve as transshipment points for inland

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Kyto Agrement

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EU entering into this saying that regional action to promote lesser developed countries to industrialize and to reduce greenhouse gases in Europe (and other already industrialized areas) were better than imposing regulation on individual countries

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most European Countries death rate

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exceeds birth place -Immigration helps

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The demographic transition model 5th phase in natural growth "post industrial"

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death exceeds birth -France Germany and England suffering because no one to pay taxes less workers smaller internal ma -low growth is an economic and social liability -only because of immigration does the growth

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Pro-growth policies

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-guarantees of continued employment for maternity leave -PAternity leave -low cost education "Family friendly Policies"

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TFR

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-Total fertility rate

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EU (since 1957)

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goal of freer movement of goods -People move across boarders to take advantage of economies

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Schengen Agreement

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-free travel within Europe -BoRDER FREE EUROPE -ENACTED 1985 -SEPARATE FROM EU OR NOT CONS: -Illegal immigrants move about country uninhibited or foreign terrorists -local cultures feel they are being diluted

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postwar European Countries

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-opened their doors to immigrants to work and rebuild -these immigrants create ethnic communities

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foreigners are ____% in Germ Fran and Eng

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8% -because of refugees and immigrants

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Currently Europe is trying to stem flow of illegal migration

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-Migrants are hindering economy more -if immigrants can get into one counrty its easier for them to leak into others -"Fortress Europe"now external boarders are harder and internal boarders more soft...

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European countries are more than

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-90% Urbanized -modern and historic together

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Medieval Landscape 900ad-1500

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winding narrow street little set back from street masonry few open spaces four story buildings CONS: -Narrow congested -no modern plumbing or heat -rooms small -low income people (elderly students, ethnic migrants) -

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Renissance Baroque (1500-1800)

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-Open spaces ornamental gardens palace like -city walls increase density -assault artillery -walls make city build up

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industrialization 19th century

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worker tenements and transportation industrial area outside city walls

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post ww II suburban sprawl

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-Well developed public transportation

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Language....

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-Important factor in Cultural identity -

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Germanic Language

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-Dominant in North of Alps -English is second largest germanic language -Norwegian swedish icelandic irish -denmark/danish -dutch/netherlands

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Romance Language

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-French, spanish, italian -Italian is the most widely used... -French has strong regional dialects -romania most eastern extent of romance language

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Slavic

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Ukraine Belaruse Serbian Croation -catholic -two distinct alphabets Latin is used for writting

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Cyrillic Alphabet

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Countries with close ties to orthodox church greek derived

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religious wars/tensions

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Balkans eastern europe: 11th century split of Christianity IReland: protestant vs catholic TODAY: -Christianity vs islam -first crusade to reclaim jeruselam from turks was 1095

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1054

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tension with western christianity led to Split of Eastern church from Rome

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Eastern Christianity vs Western

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-schism = early greek missionaries spread christianity through balkans , greek missionaries refused -two different alphabets create tension PROMINANT CULTURAL BOUNDARY BECUSE OF THIS -protestant revolt -Catholic and protestant split divvied the west and east

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Jewish Pale

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across top of romania and poland on border of russia area that jews left because of....Christian reconquest of Iberia : persecuted them so they fled from spain to more Tolerant countries -Largest population -9.5 million jews went to 2 million because of nazis

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the fastest growing jewish population other than israel is...

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germany

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Patterns of Modern Religion

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religion affects the landscape ...architecture roman catholic = ornate protestant = subdued -france has largest population of muslims

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Europe spread cultural outside of its borders historically but today

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other cultures are mixing into Europe

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Ethnic Ghettos

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Leads to: -ethnic clustering b/c of immigration -racial discrimination -assimilation= try to get ethnic group to merge into mainstream (french leaders made muslim women take off head scarf)

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male employment in europe is

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21% higher than Europe -in 27 countries only a quarter of parliament is held by women -pro gender equal = norway sweden = highest number of females in work force -women in work force is generally higher in countries of eastern Europe and Balkans

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protestant and christianity split

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-16th century Europe -less problematic

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islam conflict

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east and western both struggle with challeges from islamic empires ro europes south and east -moved rapidly through a strait in the black sea and arrived at vienna gates but europe stopped the spread of this religion to the west -ottoman empire was in control untill 20th century and they are the reason for spreading mosaic of islam

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Jewish

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during rain of roman empire jews played an importan role in trade inside and outside of islamic lands christians took over liberia and jews went to pale

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two largest populations of muslim

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france germany

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42 independent states

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in Europe -They want regional attonony hence the many tiny countries

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The treaty of Versailles

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was first to punish losers of war I for loss of territory -regonize the nationalistic...create new nation states -irrendentaion -aggrivated by economic depression in 1930s=

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irredentism

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state policies for reclaiming lost territories

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three ideologies that promoted their own solution to depression =

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caprialism communism facist totalitarians in italy

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Germany surrendered 1945 wwII ended war

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now the cold war started (between communism and democracy lsted 45 years)

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iron curtain divided Europe

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into east and west

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buffer zone

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-soviet desire for own territory -bloc of countires that shield it from west -politically and economically dominated

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Balkanization

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geopolitical processes of small scale independent movements based upon ethnic fault lines

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Berlin wall

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stood for 25 years and fell 1989

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Ethnic cleasing

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-get rid of ethnic group Serbs against muslins and croats (croatia) -croatia won against serbs though **(serbia used to be yugoslavia)

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Kosovo

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long standing tension between serbs and muslims -muslim-Kosovo rebels proclaimed independence 1991 but serbia started violently ethnically cleansing

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eastern Europe that was under the soviet was no sucessful

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western europe under EU however did well (pg 280)

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cost cutting business people in EU

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cut social services and job security so they could compete in business market

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Europes industirial revolution

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-Machines replace labor -water steam, petroleum electricity powered the machines -took more than a century for the pieces for them to come together -water water water power mechanized shit -railroad development in 19th century trains= coal coal coal coal ----->>>>>>> STEAL manufacturing

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ECSC

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-European Cole and Steal community

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EEC TREATY OF ROME

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European economic community -treaty of Rome 1957 est. this ^^^

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Brussles treaty ("SECOND TREATY OF ROME")

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-EEC reinvented its self with this treaty -aspirations for more economic integration -got a court parliment and changed to just "EC" European community.. then turned into EU (european union)

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Euroland

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those countries belonging to European Monetary fund

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EMU

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1999---> all EU using same currency $$$ "euro" ---- all using same currency but some countries aren't doing as well as others

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Eastern Europe economy collapsed with soviet union

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wealth and hardship (284)

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Most European countries are rich but balkans

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are far behind 4 times poorer than western Europe and scandanavia

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Fiscal insolvent countries

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-Greece -Italy -Spain

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Pennies Mountains provide resources for...

answer

industrial revolutions ->washing wool and sheep w/ WATER

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