History: Chapter 14 Vocab and notes – Flashcards

Military draft

The process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause

Fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire, as in World War 1

A war based on wearing down the other side with constant attacks and heavy losses, such as WW1

A war that involved and the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring of other countries, even those remote from the battlefield

An economic system directed by government agencies

A truce or an agreement to end fighting

A territory temporarily governed by another country on behalf of the League of Nations

A payment made to the victor by the vanquished to cover the costs of war

these states would work together and create a peaceful Europe. They were very wrong.

Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism

-emerged in the last half of the 19th century -each european nationstate thought itself as no higher to interest or authority -guided by self-interests(success) -leaders thought war was a way to preserve power this made war more likely

there was competition for lands (especially in africa)-this led to conflict and many rivalries in european states

-since all ethnic groups didn't have their own nation -slavic minorities and in the Balkans and Austria-Hungary and irish in the British empire and the poles in Russian empire also wanted freedom

-offered new methods of shipbuilding -using iron, steel, and chemicals for new weapons-very destructive -Armies and navies grew in Europe with growing tensions

-western countries had a conscription before war -armies grew and doubled by 1914! -Russia had the largest with 1.3 mil men -militarism- the aggressive prep for war -plans were made to mobilize millions of soldiers and many supplies for war -leaders insisted plans not be altered to prevent chaos -by 1914 political leaders made militaral decisions for the country not political ones!

-Triple Alliance= Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (1882) -Triple Entente= Britain, France, Russia (1907)

-early 20th century -Crises in the Balkans (1908-1913) -the alliances got angry with one another and they wanted revenge -war would preserve power/power of allies

-socialist labor movements grew more powerful -used strikes even violence to reach their goals -many leaders were scared and tried to suppress these internal disorder which may have lead to war too.

(leaders responses to the crises in the Balkans lead directly to conflict) -1914-supported by Russia, Serbia, created an independent Slavic state in the Balkans starting WW1! -Austria-Hungary also had Slavic people were determined to prevent that from happening

-conspirators waited on the streets -Princip and his posse wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary and for it to be a part of Serbian kingdom -the second assignation attempt succeeded in killing the archduke and Sophia

looked for help from German allies. Emperor William II of Germany gave Austria-Hungary a blank-check and was in full support of them...Finally, on July 28, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

-july 28, Czar Nicholas II ordered partial mobilization (considered an act of war) of the Russian army against Austria-Hungary -leaders informed czar that this wasn't possible -July 29- Czar ordered full moibilization of army knowing Germany would think this is an act of war

-german government warned Russia to halt mobilization within 12 hours -Russia ignores so Germany declares war with Russia on August 1

-German military plan created by General Alfred von Schlieffen. -Two war front with france and Russia because the two had a military alliance in 1894 -Germany would conduct a holding action against Russia while its army would invade france fast France moved quickly along level coastal area through Belgium -France was defeated and Germans moved to the east against Russia -Germany wouldnt mobilize troops only against Russia, so it declared war on France on August 3rd. -at the same time they issued an ultimatum on Belgium to let troops pass by Belgium territory but Belgium was neutral

-August 4th, they declare war on Germany, violating Belgium neutrality -Britain was allied with France and Russia was concerned about maintaining its power so they helped

-they thought it was impractical -had many economic and political risks -diplomats could prevent war -ideas were shattered

-Propoganda had stirred hatred for war -In august 1914, the urgent plans for defense against aggressors fell in receptive ears on every nation that was at war

-many people thought the war would be over in a few weeks -they thought the soldiers would be home by Christmas

-the germans were following the Shlieffen Plan that would eventually enable them to surround much of the French army -sadly, German advance was halted just before Paris -battle of Marne

-Sept. 6-10 -French Military leaders loaded 2000 taxicabs with troops and sent them to the front line -it turned into a stalemate since neither side could dislodge each other from the opponents trenches -Two trenches were made form the English Channel to the frontiers of Switzerland -trench warfare! -they stayed like this fro 4 years

-marked by mobility -in the beginning, Russians moved to east Germany -Battle of Tannenberg -Austria-Hungary were defeated by the russians In Galicia and were thrown out of Serbia as well -Italian betrayed defected and attacked the Triple Alliance and attacked Austria in May 1915 -Italy joins the Triple Entente now known as the Allied Powers -Germans assissted Austria at Galacia and pushed Russia back home -Germany and Austria Hungary joined Bulgaria and eliminated Serbia from war together -this enabled the German troops to move back to the offensive in the west

-August 30 -Germany defeats Russian troops who attacked -Russia was no longer a threat to Germany

-Western from had trenches in 1914 that were systems of defense -the trenches were protective -they had concrete machine gun nests and heavy artillery protected by trenches -troops lived in the ground and were separated by No-Mans-Land(unclaimed land, or under dispute) -leaders of trenches were trained to fight wars of movement and maneuver -troops many times would flatten the enemy's barbed and then advance on their enemy (this failed because enemy would fire at them) -world war I became a war of attrition -airplanes soon appeared on the battlefield! in 1915 -fights occurred in air, machine guns were on planes, they targeted people and dropped bombs

The Germans also used their giant airships—the zeppelins—to bomb London and eastern England. This caused little damage but frightened many people. Germany's enemies, however, soon found that zeppelins, which were filled with hydrogen gas, quickly became raging infernos when hit by antiaircraft guns.

Because of the stalemate on the Western Front, both sides sought to gain new allies. Each side hoped new allies would provide a winning advantage, as well as a new source of money and war goods.

-Bulgaria and the Ottoman empire joined the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) -Allied nations declared war at Gallipoli but withdrew after disastrous efforts. -the war soon became a worldly conflict in 1917 -while stationed in the Middle East, a British officer known as Lawrence of Arabia urged Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overlords. -In 1918 British forces from Egypt mobilized troops from India, Australia, and New Zealand and worked to destroy the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East. -The Allies also took advantage of Germany's preoccupations in Europe and lack of naval strength to seize German colonies in the rest of the world. -Japan, a British ally beginning in 1902, seized a number of German-held islands in the Pacific. -Australia seized German New Guinea.

-At first, the United States tried to remain neutral. -it became more difficult to do so. -The immediate cause of the United States's involvement grew out of the naval war between Germany and Great Britain. -Britain had used its superior navy to set up a blockade of Germany.(blockade kept war materials and other goods from reaching Germany by sea) - Germany, in turn, set up its own blockade of Britain and enforced it with the use of unrestricted submarine warfare, including the sinking of passenger liners. - German forces sank the British ship Lusitania. About 1,100 civilians, including more than 100 Americans, died -After strong protests from the United States, the German government suspended unrestricted submarine warfare in September 1915 to avoid antagonizing the United States further. Only once did the Germans and British engage in direct naval battle—at the Battle of Jutland on May 31, 1916; neither side won a conclusive victory. -the Germans were eager to break the deadlock in the war. -naval officers convinced Emperor William II that resuming the use of unrestricted submarine warfare could starve the British into submission within six months. -the emperor expressed concern about the United States, German Admiral Holtzendorf assured him -The German naval officers were quite wrong. The British were not forced to surrender, and the return to unrestricted submarine warfare brought the United States into the war in April 1917. U.S. troops did not arrive in large numbers in Europe until 1918. -However, the entry of the United States into the war gave the Allied Powers a psychological boost and a major new source of money and war goods.

As World War I dragged on, it became a total war involving a complete mobilization of resources and people. -It affected the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, however far from the battlefields. -The home front was rapidly becoming a cause for as much effort as the war front.

many thought war would be short. Many more men and supplies were needed to continue the war effort. To meet these needs, governments expanded their powers. Countries drafted tens of millions of young men, hoping for that elusive breakthrough to victory. Wartime governments throughout Europe also expanded their power over their economies. -Free-market capitalistic systems were temporarily put aside. -set up price, wage, and rent controls. -rationed food supplies and materials; -regulated imports and exports - transportation systems and industries. In effect, in order to mobilize all the resources of their nations for the war effort, European nations set up planned economies.

-soldiers at war and civilians at home were narrowed -political leaders thought that all citizens were in dedicated to the national army and victory -Woodrow Wilson was president of the US at the time

-as causalties increased so did hate for war -War governments, however, fought back against growing opposition to the war. -Authoritarian regimes ( Germany, Russia, and Austria- Hungary) relied on force to subdue their populations. -With the pressures of the war, however, even democratic states expanded their police powers to stop internal dissent) -The British Parliament, for example, passed the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA). It allowed the government to arrest protesters as traitors. -Newspapers were censored, and sometimes publication was suspended. -propaganda to increase enthusiasm for the war. - governments were forced to devise new techniques for motivating citizens.

In the- a deadly influenza struck -spread by soldiers returning from the front, influenza became the deadliest epidemic in history. (50 million people died worldwide) Total war: World War I created new roles for women -Because so many men left to fight at the front, women were asked to take over jobs that were not available to them before. -Women found themselves employed in jobs that once were considered beyond their capacity. -These jobs included civilian occupations such as chimney sweeps, truck drivers, farm laborers, and factory workers in heavy industry. -For example, 38 percent of the workers in the Krupp Armaments works in Germany in 1918 were women. British Propaganda Poster Propaganda Poster: "Enlist"The place of women in the workforce was far from secure, however. Both men and women seemed to expect that many of the new jobs for women were only temporary. end of the war: -as men returned to the job market, governments quickly removed women from the jobs they were encouraged to take earlier. By 1919, 650,000 women in Great Britain were unemployed. wages for women decreases :( some countries the role women played in wartime economies had a positive impact on the women's movement for social and political emancipation. -The most obvious gain was the right to vote, which was given to women in Germany, Austria, and the United States immediately after the war. -British women over the age of 30 gained the right to vote, together with the right to stand for Parliament, in 1918. Many upper- and middle-class women also gained new freedoms. -In ever-increasing numbers, young women from these groups took jobs, lived in their own apartments, and relished their new independence.

-offensives on the western front had been defeated -Russia withdrew from the Russian revolution

-The US joined the war and gave the allies troops, supplies, and a psychological boost. (not germany and austria-hungary) -in germany, withdrawal of russians was actually hopeful -they could now just concentrate on the western front Erich Ludendorff made a grand offensive of the west (it eventually fails)

-in april, german troops were within 50 miles of Paris -they stopped at the second battle of Marne because americans, morrocans, and french pushed them back

He told German leaders that the war was lost and asked them to sign for peace

-the allies were unable to make peace with the autocratic imperial government of Germany -reforms for a liberal government came to late -in November 1918 sailors in northern germany Mutinied. -workers and soldiers formed councils and took over civilian and military officers -Emperor William II gave into pressure and left -afterwards the Social democrats signed at armistice (November 11, 1918) to end fighting!!

-a group of radical socialists formed the German Communist Party and they tried to seize power in Berlin -The new Social Democratic government, along with troops crushed all the rebels (including Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht -a communist attempt in Munich was also crushed -The new german republic was saved but the attempt at revolution left the middle class in fear of communism

-disintegration -revolution -the empire grew weary and ethnic groups wanted independence -by the end of the war, the Austro-Hungarian empire barely existed -it was now Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia

-January 1919 27 happy reps of the allied nations met in paris to make a peace settlement -the reasons for fighting in the war had changed -At first they sought territorial gains -now they were expressing more idealistic reasons for the war

-proposed idealistic reasons for war -president of the US -they were for truly lasting peace openly not through secret diplomacy -also reducing armaments and self-determination -he thought ww1 as absolutism and militarism -they are enemies of liberty and can only be gone from democracy and general association of nations - it would guarantee political independence and territorial integrity among all states -wilson became spokesperson for new world order based on democracy -he had practical motives that guided states

-delegates met to determine peace settlement -many complications arose because agreements were made previous to war for territorial gains -(not following Wilson's philosophies)

-GB's prime minister (David Lloyd George) wanted Germans to pay for dreadful war

-guided by desire for national security -Georges Clemenceau was the premier and wanted security for future German attacks -he wanted germany's weapons to be taken away to be reparations for the war and Rhineland to be a buffer state between France and Germany

Woodrow Wilson, Clemenceau, and Lloyd -Germany wasn't invited and Russia had a civil war on its hands

US, France, and GB

Wilson wanted world organization, the League of nations and prevention of future wars Clem and Lloyd wanted to punish Germany -they had to compromise

-wilsons (ideas in the previous flashcard - in return, he agreed to make compromises on territorial arrangements among the countries because he thought the League of Nations could fix unfair settlements

-guarantees for French security -gave up wish for Rhineland and instead accepted an alliance with GB and the US -the us senate refused to ratify this agreement though (this weakened the Versailles Peace Settlement)

-five separate treaties with the defeated nations of Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. -The Germans considered it a harsh peace and were especially unhappy with Article 231, the so-called War Guilt Clause, which declared that Germany (and Austria) were responsible for starting the war. - treaty ordered Germany to pay reparations for all damages that the Allied governments -Germany had to reduce its army to 100,000 men, -cut back its navy, and eliminate its air force. -Alsace and Lorraine, taken by the Germans from France in 1871, were returned. -Sections of eastern Germany were awarded to a new Polish state. -German land along the Rhine River became a demilitarized zone, stripped of all weapons and fortifications. -This, it was hoped, would serve as a barrier to any future German moves against France. Germany reluctantly agreed to the peace settlement

On June 28, 1919, at the Palace of Versailles outside of Paris, representatives of Germany's new Weimar Republic (formed after the Kaiser had abdicated) had to sign a treaty without having had input into any of its terms. The treaty was signed on the anniversary of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which had ignited the war five years earlier. The German people viewed the treaty as harsh and the unrealistic requirements for reparations angered them. The burden of reparation payments contributed to an economic depression that would affect all of Europe, and failed to resolve the underlying reasons for many conflicts on the continent. The treaty's basic conditions included: 1. Germany had to cede the region of AlsaceLorraine (which it had won in the FrancoPrussian War in the 1870s) back to France, the Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia, and the "Polish Corridor" to Poland. 2. Demilitarization of the Rhineland. 3. Germany's Saar coal region was placed under international control for 15 years. 4. Disarmament: Germany was limited to only 100,000 army troops; no reserves, tanks, aircraft, warships, or subs were permitted. 5. Germany had to pay $5 billion in immediate reparations, with future reparations to be determined by May 1921. (It was a total of $33 billion.) Some saw the treaty as overly punitive: they felt that rather than setting terms to ensure a lasting peace in Europe, the treaty instead was designed to make Germany suffer. Being stripped of a real army and having to give up large chunks of its territory was humiliating, but the reparations required were crippling.

President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for peace called the "Fourteen Points" in an address to Congress on January 8, 1918. His plan for peace was based on research from a group of experts. "The Inquiry," formed in the fall of 1917, faced the task of identifying feasible war aims for the U.S. and determining war goals for the other countries involved. Wilson ultimately found it impossible to convince the European allies that a "peace without victory" was in their best interest. European leaders either dismissed most of the ideals of the Fourteen Points or diluted them in the final peace agreement. The Fourteen Points were: 1. Open diplomacy; no secret treaties. 2. Freedom of the seas in war and in peace. 3. Removal of all economic barriers. 4. Reduction in national military forces. 5. Colonial disputes judged impartially. Subjected peoples have equal voice with colonial powers. 6. Withdrawal of all German and Austrian forces from Russian territory. 7. Restoration of Belgian sovereignty. 8. Occupied French territory restored, including AlsaceLorraine. 9. Borders of Italian frontiers redrawn according to national identity. 10. Peoples of AustriaHungary given opportunity for autonomy. 11. Autonomous Balkan states. 12. NonTurks within Ottoman Empire given opportunity for autonomy. 13. Establish a Polish state with sea access. 14. Formation of the League of Nations. 15. Italy joined the Allied Powers because they were offered border lands. They didn't receive this land. They are angry and cheated. They are resentful to the Big 3.

The war, the Treaty of Versailles, and the separate peace treaties made with the other Central Powers redrew the map of eastern Europe. (The German and Russian empires lost territory in eastern Europe. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was gone) -New nation-states emerged from the three empires: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary. -territorial arrangements were also made in the Balkans. -Romania acquired additional lands. -Serbia formed the nucleus of a new state, called Yugoslavia, which combined Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. -The principle of self-determination supposedly guided the Paris Peace Conference. However, the mixtures of peoples in eastern Europe made it impossible to draw boundaries along strict ethnic lines. -As a result of compromises, almost every eastern European state was left with ethnic minorities: Germans in Poland; Hungarians, Poles, and Germans in Czechoslovakia; Hungarians in Romania; and Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, and Albanians in Yugoslavia. (The problem of ethnic minorities within nations would lead to many conflicts later) -The ottoman empire was broken by the settlements -to gain support of the Arabs against the Ottomans, the western allies promised independence of the arabs in the Ottoman empire...then they decided that France should control Syria, and GB gets Iraq and Palestine These acquisitions were officially called mandates. Woodrow Wilson opposed the outright annexation of colonial territories by the Allies. As a result, in the mandate system, a nation officially governed a territory on a temporary basis as a mandate on behalf of the League of Nations, but did not own the territory. World War I shattered the liberal, rational society that had existed in Europe at that time. The deaths of nearly 10 million people, as well as the incredible destruction caused by the war, undermined the whole idea of progress. Entire populations had participated in a devastating slaughter.

World War I was a total war—one that involved a complete mobilization of resources and people. As a result, the power of governments over the lives of their citizens increased. Freedom of the press and speech were limited in the name of national security. World War I made the practice of strong central authority a way of life.

The turmoil created by the war also seemed to open the door to even greater insecurity. Revolutions broke up old empires and created new states, which led to new problems. The hope that Europe and the rest of the world would return to normalcy was soon dashed.

hanging a bad label on an idea, symbolized by a hand turning thumbs down

make the best case possible for his side and the worst for the opposing viewpoint by carefully using only those facts that support his or her side of the argument while attempting to lead the audience into accepting the facts as a conclusion.

persuade the audience to follow the crowd. This device creates the impression of widespread support. It reinforces the human desire to be on the winning side.

associate a respected person or someone with experience to endorse a product or cause by giving it their stamp of approval hoping that the intended audience will follow their example.

convince the audience that the spokesperson is from humble origins, someone they can trust and who has their interests at heart.

carry over the authority and approval of something we respect and revere to something the propagandist would have us accept. Propagandists often employ symbols (e.g., waving the flag) to stir our emotions and win our approval.

vague, sweeping statements (often slogans or simple catch phrases) using language associated with values and beliefs deeply held by the audience without providing supporting information or reason. They appeal to such notions as honor, glory, love of country, desire for peace, freedom, and family values.