question

A main cause of immigration from England to its colonies was

answer

a desire for more religious freedom

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Both Protestants and Catholics supported the increasingly powerful governments of their time by

answer

participating in an early modern "witch craze."

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Early modern crises of religious and political authority led many scholars and authors to

answer

explore the problem of uncertainty rationally.

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Economic stagnation in most of Europe after 1600 was caused by

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a slowly growing population and a slowing influx of silver from the Americas.

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European contact with the Americas ultimately resulted in a decline of the pre-Columbian population there of

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90%

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In economic terms, the early colonization of the Americas had the most profound impact on

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the Spanish.

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More than any other commodity, the slave trade was driven by the European appetite for

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sugar

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Much of the literature and art from 1550-1660 sought to

answer

establish some certainty in a rapidly changing world.

question

One of the factors that contributed to the long-term hostilities between England and Spain was

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the fact that Spain secretly supported the Irish rebellion against England that began in 1565.

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Parliamentary forces in the English Civil War were primarily made up of

answer

small landholders and tradespeople

question

The relatively few number of (usually male) settlers to Spanish territories in the Americas resulted in

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Spanish cultural assimilation to indigenous customs.

question

The uncertainties caused by European colonization in the Americas and religious and political warfare at home all resulted in

answer

more centralized forms of government.

question

Absolutist rulers such as Louis XIV sought control over the state because:

answer

the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were times of great disorder in Europe.

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According to the justification given for absolutism, the fundamental basis for order and justice in the world is:

answer

obedience

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By 1688, England had arrived at a kind of constitutional settlement but it was still grappling with two key questions, one of which was

answer

should Charles II be restored as king of England.

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During the 1670s, England's powerful elites divided into two factions. One was the Tories, who were:

answer

political supporters of Charles II and the monarchy.

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French colonies in North America were intended to be trading centers and:

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military outposts.

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Guided by the powerful merchant families, the Dutch Republic was able for some time to:

answer

establish a highly profitable trading empire.

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In his Two Treatises of Government, John Locke argued that:

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legitimate government authority is conditional and contractual

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In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, absolutism was a political theory that was strengthened by:

answer

claims of divine right.

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One tenet of mercantilism was the:

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reduction of imports and an increase in exports.

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The foundations of the growth of Prussia were laid by:

answer

Frederick William, the "Great Elector."

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The goal of Peter the Great's foreign policy was to:

answer

secure year-round ports for Russia.

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The government of France under Louis XIV would be best described as

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highly centralized, with everyone being appointed by and reporting to the king.

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The relatively peaceful transfer of power to William and Mary and the establishment of a mixed monarchy are often referred to as:

answer

the "Glorious Revolution."

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The wars of Louis XIV:

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were an enormous drain on the treasury of France.

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Which of the following countries developed into an autocracy during the early modern period but also underwent a process of modernization and westernization?

answer

Russia

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A philosophe, as the term was used in the Enlightenment, can be defined as an individual who was a/an

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freethinker.

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A print culture began to grow significantly during the eighteenth century, which helped usher in possibly the first daily newspapers in ___________ in 1702.

answer

London

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According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, people were born into a state of natural freedom, but

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private property had profoundly corrupted the "social contract."

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Although much exploration was carried out by the French and the British, people from many other nations participated in the exploration of the New World. One of these, _________, was hailed by Charles Darwin as "the greatest scientific traveler who ever lived."

answer

Alexander von Humboldt

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Concentrated first in northwestern Europe, an exploding consumer economy developed. The fastest-growing sector of the eighteenth-century economy in Britain was

answer

the service sector.

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During the eighteenth century, all the economic developments and the development of a much expanded consumer culture contributed to a widely held view that

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everyone was living in a time of change.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that

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women should be raised to please men and be dependent to them.

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Mary Wollstonecraft believed that equality laid the basis for virtue and thus argued that society ought to seek "the perfection of our nature and capability of_________."

answer

happiness

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Mary Wollstonecraft maintained that middle-class culture specifically trained women to be

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seductive and dependent

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One of the key cultural developments that made the Enlightenment possible was

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a certain level of prosperity and and a core group of urbanites who could read.

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Probably the most famous of the philosophes was Voltaire, whose attitude toward injustice, fanaticism, and intolerance was solidified due to a murder case tried in 1762. The defendant in this case was

answer

Jean Calas

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The eighteenth century saw the birth of a new literary genre, the novel, and the growing acceptance of women as authors. The most famous woman from this period, as recognized today, was the English novelist

answer

Jane Austen.

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The eighteenth-century Enlightenment produced an elite, or high, culture that was typified by

answer

its cosmopolitan nature and the evolution of public opinion.

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The Enlightenment was not confined to any single area of human endeavor, but was evident in the science, music, and politics of the age. Some scientific thinkers were politically conservative, whereas some political thinkers were truly radical in their views. Among this radical group was

answer

Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

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Various societies and venues such as coffeehouses arose to break the monopoly of elites over public discussion. Among these venues were

answer

salons.

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With the rise in literacy and the growth of the book business in the eighteenth century, censorship

answer

arguably kept books out of hands of the poor

question

Although he was not responsible for initiating the Reign of Terror, __________ was responsible for enlarging its scope.

answer

Maximilien Robespierre

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Between 1787 and 1780, the unemployment rate in many French cities may have been as high as

answer

50 percent.

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By 1801, the rebels of Saint-Domingue had

answer

established an authoritarian but constitutional government.

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During the summer of 1792:

answer

the French Revolution entered the radical stage of its history.

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Eighteenth-century French society was influenced by a new, emerging group composed of

answer

officeholders, professionals, merchants, and the aristocracy.

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In 1790, the free people of color of Saint-Domingue sent a delegation of men to join the National Assembly in Paris:

answer

but the Assembly refused to admit them.

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In the spring of 1792, after a brief and brutally repressed rebellion and the invasion of the island by British and Spanish forces, the French government tried to rally the defenses of Saint-Domingue by

answer

granting French citizenship to free men of color.

question

Of the Terror, it can be stated that

answer

the majority of its victims were peasants and laborers.

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One group that helped fuel the public discourse and the sphere in which political ideas were debated was the

answer

thinkers of the Enlightenment.

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The event that marked the beginning of the French Revolution was the

answer

Oath of the Tennis Court.

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The French financial system all but broke down completely because of Louis XVI's support of

answer

the English colonists in North America in their war of independence from Great Britain.

question

The leader of the Haitian Revolution, who did not live to see independence, was

answer

Toussaint L'ouverture.

question

The lists of grievances drawn up by the delegates of the three Estates were called the

answer

cahiers des doléances.

question

While trying to recapture Saint-Domingue and reestablish French rule, Napoleon

answer

reestablished slavery by decree

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