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Eugene Dubois

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-discovered "first" early hominin remains found outside of europe -femur he discovered was identical to modern humans

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pithecanthropus erectus (java man)

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-Dubois -1st early human fossil found outside of Europe -large brow ridge, long low skull, human like femur -"classic" homo erectus morphology

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homo erectus

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-likely a descendant of H. habilis -first hominin species to move out of east africa into asia and europe

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homo habilis

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-found after the discovery of robust australopithecus boisei -tanzania, kenya, ethipoia, malawi, and south africa -came before homo erectus -smaller chewing complex and larger brain than boisei. -similar in body like australopithecines (short and short legs in comparison to arms) -first hominin to have anatomical and behavioral characteristics that foreshadowed evolution of homo sapiens -rounder more globular skull -australopithecine like face

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h. rudolfensis

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somewhat bigger than h. habilis -found on eastern side of lake turkansas. -differs from h. habilis with its larger braincase, longer face, larger molar and premolar teeth -lack of post cranial fossils -eastern africa -simple oldowan tool

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habitat changes

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-spread of warm C4 grasses (increasing habitat diversity and increasing food resources) -stone tools important for digging roots + tubers + processing them for consumption -tools increased capability of eating greater range of food

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homo erectus migration

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1. east africa (1.8) 2. expansion into western asia(1.8) 3. rapid eastward expansion into southeast asia(1.6) 4. earliest butchered animals and stone tools in northeast asia (1.7) 5.earliest fossil evidence in western europe(1.2)

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Nariokotome

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-earliest H. erectus -short arms and legs (like human in ratio to arm and leg length) -"turkana boy" -one of most complete early hominin skeletons ever found

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Ileret

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-east side of lake turkana (Africa) -partial skull of very small h. erectus -small skull size and small brow ridges (shows variation of H. erectus) -some h. erectus have large and robust bones

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Ileret footprints

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-around 1.5 mya -first footprints of ancient hominins -evidence of how early human ancestors walked -double arch of foot and an adducted big toe (big toe close to second toe) -indicate hunting and long distance walking

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H. Erectus in asia

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-Dmanisi -1.8 mya- shows colonized west asia soon after evolving in africa -faces and jaws smaller and brow ridges less develop than african h. erectus -resemble nariokotome boy + Ileret skull from East africa

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Sagittal keel

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-typically found on H. erectus from asia, africa, and europe -slight ridge of bone found along midline sagittal suture of cranium

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sangiran cranium (indonesia)

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-most complete skull from eastern asia -thick cranial bones and large brow ridges -long cranium, low forehead, large brow ridges

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Zhoukoudian (Eastern asia)

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-cave where peking mans remains discovered -site with most impressive H. erectus remains -many individuals + stone tools and food remains -thick brow ridge + sagittal keel

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Gran Dolina

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-spanish cave with hominin fossils and evidence that hominins and animals were butchered -showed signs of cannibalism

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transition from h. habilis and h. erectus

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1.8 mya habilis about size of australopithecine -1.6 mya, erectus taller and heavier -happened because of climate change and impact on food supply -increased access to animal food sources (from hunting)

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differences in characteristics between habilis and erectus

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-reduction in teeth size -reduction of face + jaw size (adapted to eating cooked meat) -increase in brain size(reflects increase in intelligence) -incrase in brow ridge size -increase in size of body + length of legs -reduction in length of arms

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acheulian complex

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-culture associated with h. erectus -hand axes, bifaces, picks, choppers -flake both sides to stone, -required learning and skills to produce

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function of hand axes

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-large animal butchery -cutting plants -digging -striping bark

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Role of fire with H. erectus

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-made and used fire by 1 mya -sediments from wonderwerk cave (s. africa) -burned animal bones and plant remains -warmth -light in caves and night activity -protection against predators -controlling herds -cooking food made it easier to chew (size reduction of jaws and teeth) -food sharing, meat eating, and cooking= increase in brain size -tools= decline in robusticity

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evolved behaviors of H. erectus

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-hunting, dispersal across large areas, adaptive success, and increasing dependence on culture

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homo antecessor

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-found in Gran Dolina site in spain -teeth primitive like erectus -shape of nasal region and presence of facial depression above canine tooth were modern (resembling features of modern people) -only found evidence from juveniles (so adults could look much different)

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homo heidelbergensis

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-very large brow ridge, larger rain case and flatter face -first early human species to live in colder climates -short wide bodies (adaptation to conserving heat) -first to routinely hunt large animals -lived at time of oldest control of fire and use of wooden spears -800,000 - 1.2 mya

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homo ergaster

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-1.5-1.9 mya -generally tall and slender -lower pleistocene (and cooling of the global climate) -tanzania, ethipoia, kenya, and south africa -tool use in acheulean industry -larger cranial capacity

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homo floresinesis

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-most recently discovered early human species -small size, tiny brains, large teeth, no chin, receding forehead, large feet -made and used stone tools, may have used fire -found on island of flores, indonesia -38,000-18,000 years ago (latest surviving human apart from our species)

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oldowan industry tools

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-first discovered at olduvai gorge, tanzania -earliest evidence in bona ethiopia (2.6 mya) -smash hammer stone against core- chip off flakes or use core

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what allowed erectus to reach south east asia. able to get to australia?

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-pleistocene glaciation lowered sea levels -java, sumatra, + borneo connected to mainland -couldnt get to australia because it would require water crossing

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evidence that early species of homo were scavengers

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-often find tool marks overlying carnivore tooth marks -tooth marks found on meaty bones and cut marks found on less meaty bones

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homo erectus characteristics

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-rounder skull -thick brow ridges- supraorbital torus -more vertical face- slight prognathism -sharp occipital torus -thick bones -reduction of molars

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pelvis of H. erectus

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-pelvis changed to accommodate larger infant brain

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diff between early african erectus and asian erectus

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-early african has no keel, and has occipital ridge -asian has sagital keel parasagittal depression, and receding forehead

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