question

aristocrat/aristocracy

answer

the highest class in certain societies, those holding heredity titles or offices

question

lord

answer

someone or something having power, authority, or influences' a master or ruler

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feudalism

answer

political or social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal government were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service

question

vassel

answer

under feudalism, a man who served a lord in a military capacity

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knight

answer

under feudalism, a member of the heavy armored cavalry

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fief

answer

under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within his fief

question

feudal contract

answer

under feudalism, the unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal

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serf

answer

in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subjects to the lord's control

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patrician

answer

a wealthy, powerful landowner

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manor

answer

in medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that the lord ran and peasants worked

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bourgeoise

answer

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

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guild

answer

business associations

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Magna Carta

answer

a charter of liberties to which the English barons forced King John to give his assent in June 1215 at Runnymede; a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.

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lay investiture

answer

the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave then the symbols of their office

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concordat of worms

answer

was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 near the city of Worms

question

interdict

answer

a decree by the pope that forbade priests from giving the sacraments of the Church to the people

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sacraments

answer

a Christian rite

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dominicans

answer

is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzmán

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heresy

answer

the denial of basic church doctrines

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the inquisition

answer

created by the Church, also called "Holy Office," to deal with heretics

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saints

answer

a person acknowledges as holy or virtuous and typically regarded as being in Heaven after death

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relics

answer

bones or other objects connected with saints; considered to be worthy of worship by the faithful

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crusades

answer

military expeditions carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims

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infidel

answer

an unbeliever; a term applied to the Muslims during the crusades

question

theology

answer

the study of religion and God

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scholasticism

answer

a medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason

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vernacular

answer

the language of everyday speech in a particular region

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anti-semitism

answer

hostility toward or discrimination against Jews; accused of causing the plague by poisoning town wells

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new monarchy

answer

in the 15th century; government in which power had been centralized under a King or Queen, i.e., France, England, and Spain

question

tallie

answer

an annual direct tax, usually on land or property

question

write the names and starting/ending dates of each of the three major eras of the Middle Ages history:

answer

The Early Middle Ages: 500-1000 AD High Middle Ages: 1000-1300 AD Last Middle Ages: 1300-1500 AD

question

How did the collapse of central authority in Europe after the fall of the Roman empire lead to the start of feudalism? (In other words, why did feudalism start in the first place?)

answer

The people of western Europe needed a source of protection from many invading threats with order. As a result, they invented a system in which people of higher classes provided protection for lower classes in return for their loyalty to them. This allowed people to be safe and happy with cooperation between classes.

question

What were two benefits of the feudal system for Europeans during the Middle Ages? What were two criticisms of the feudal system?

answer

The people got protection from invaders and land to live and work on. The vassals of a king, who were great lords, might also have vassals who would owe them military service in return for a grant of land taken from their estates. Those vassals, in turn, might likewise have vassals. At that level, the vassals would be simple knights with barely enough land to provide them income.

question

List and explain at least 3 ways that feudalism is different from manorialism. List at least 3 ways that feudalism is similar to manorialism.

answer

Feudalism- political system, land(fiefs), fief is given in exchange for swearing homage (as protection) to the lord. Manorialism- economic system, land(manor), food services are exchanged for protection on the manor. Both- land holding systems used in the middle ages, gave protection, determined social status of individuals,

question

Using at least six specific facts from class, identify and explain the factors that led to revival of trade and then the growth of cities in Europe during the High Middle Ages.

answer

Invasions stopped which led to stability-population nearly doubles. Merchants and crafts people move and settle along trade routes and have markets which led to the revival of trade. The revival of trade led to the revival of cities of trade and manufacturing centers, then that led to new social classes development: patricians = wealthy and bourgeois = middle class. Guilds develop to direct aspects of production for each trade. The revival of trade transitions from bartering to a monetary capitalist system- invention of banking firms to manage money.

question

Provide an example of how one European monarch was able to centralize power and build a strong state between the years 1000 and 1300. You will need to: give the name of the monarch, the name of the region he ruled over, list at least two specific facts about what he did during his reign that allowed him to centralize power.

answer

Philip the Fair- France He made the monarchy stronger by expanding the royal bureaucracy. By 1300 he made France the largest and best-governed monarchy in Europe.

question

List and explain two ways the Catholic Church was able to make itself so dominant in Europe by the High Middle Ages.

answer

Power of interdict: Pope would order priests not to give sacraments. The inquisition: office formed by Church to try and execute heretics.

question

List three cultural innovations of the High Middle Ages. Explain the specific effects each had on Europe.

answer

Architecture- went from using a Romanesque style (rounded arches, windows at the top only, buttresses create thick walls along the bottom to Gothic Style (pointed arches, stained glass all over, flying buttresses) Universities- first one established is located in Bologna, Italy. Most highly regarded subject was theology. Was influenced by scholasticism. Its chief task was to harmonize Christian teachings with the works of the Greek Philosophers. Vernacular Literature- universal language: Latin. two most popular types: Troubadour Poetry- was chiefly the product of nobles and knights. Chanson de geste- heroic type.

question

List three disastrous forces that overwhelmed Europe in 14th century. Explain the specific effects each had on Europe.

answer

Black Death- workers became more valuable so the price of labor and working conditions increased. Great Schism- split of the papacy between Rome, Italy and Avignon, France-both rival popes denounced each other-weakened Church's authority power- encourages more people to question the power of the Church. 100 year war- new technology in advancement in war (gun powder and cannons)

question

What factors weakened the kingdoms in Europe after Charlemagne's death in 814?

answer

It was divided into 3 sections. People invaded and cities were destroyed.

question

List the four main groups in feudal society from most powerful to least powerful:

answer

The king - earls and barons - knights- peasants

question

How did the obligations of serfs differ from those of lords and knights?

answer

The lord granted his vassal a fief, but in return the lord had to promise to protect his vassal.

question

Why was land the most important gift that a lord could give a vassal?

answer

In a society with very little money, the ownership of land became the most important.

question

Describe the role of loyalty in feudal society:

answer

swore an oath for their leaders and fought battles for them

question

What was a fief and how did it help vassals?

answer

fief is land, and came to hold political authority within them

question

What is a feudal contract and what responsibilities were involved for each side?

answer

Lord supported a vassal by defending him militarily or taking his side in dispute.

question

What were leaders chiefly concerned with in the Middle Ages?

answer

warfare

question

Describe who the nobles were (list other names for them):

answer

Kings, dukes, bishops counts, and barons who had large landed estates and considerable political power in society.

question

What kinds of power did the nobles have (list the three types):

answer

political, economic, social

question

Define chivalry and identify three features of it:

answer

the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code. oath to defend the Church and the defenseless treat captives as honored guests treat aristocratic women with tenderness and respect

question

Describe the relationship between men and women during this time period:

answer

Women could hols property, most remained under the control of men- of their fathers until they marry, were expected to be subservient to their husbands, but there were many strong who advised.

question

What were the roles of aristocratic women?

answer

manage the estate, large numbers of officials and servants, care of financial accounts, overseeing food supply

question

What factors led the population to double in size between the years 1000-1300?

answer

Europe was more settled and peaceful after the invasions of the Middle Ages had stopped. Food production after 1000 also increased because of climate changes.

question

What sorts of new labor-saving devices were created?

answer

Carruca- a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare

question

What other change in farming practices did peasants make that allowed people to grow more crops?

answer

The practice of rotating crops kept the soil fertile, while allowing people to plant new crops

question

What were serfs responsibilities?

answer

give labor services, par rents, and be subjects to the lord's control

question

What were serfs restrictions?

answer

couldn't leave the manor

question

What responsibilities did the lords have to their serfs?

answer

protect, couldn't take their land

question

List the various characteristics of the life of peasants in Europe:

answer

Cottages- wood frames, surrounded by sticks with spaces between filled with straw and rubble then into clay. Poorer houses consisted of one room, others had 2-3, main one for cooking, eating and other activities, and another for sleeping. Little privacy in the medieval household

question

How did the revival of trade change how Europeans did business?

answer

with the growth of towns and cities

question

What was the bourgeoisie and what kinds of people were in it?

answer

merchants, industrialists and professional people

question

Explain how the revival of trade led to the revival of cities:

answer

towns had greatly declined in the Early Middle Ages, especially in Europe north of the Alps

question

How did trade led some people to have more freedoms from local lords?

answer

right to buy and sell property, freedom from military services to the lord, a written law that guaranteed townspeople their freedom, and a right for an escaped serf to become a free person after living one year and a day in the town.

question

Who were the patricians and what was usually their role in medieval cities?

answer

a wealthy powerful landowner- passed laws

question

Describe what medieval cities were physically like:

answer

Surrounded by stone walls, cities were tightly filled. Narrow-winding streets, houses crowded next to each other with second and third stones built out over the streets

question

Describe life for women in medieval cities:

answer

supervise the household, prepare meals, raise children, manage family's finances, often helped husband's trade. Independent lives

question

What is a guild, why did the first come about, and what did they control?

answer

business associations, 1000's on- controlled: set the standards for the quality of the articles, produced and fixed the price at which finished goods could be sold, also determined the number of people who could enter a specific trade

question

How did the Church become involved in the feudal system? Summarize.

answer

Chief officials of the Church, such as bishops and abbots, came to hold their offices as grants from nobles. As vassals, they were obliged to carry out feudal services, including military duties. Lords often chose their vassals from other noble families for political reasons. Thus, bishops and abbots they chose often worldly figures who cared about spiritual duties.

question

Why did Pope Gregory VII decide to fight this practice and what conflict came from this?

answer

was convinced he had been chosen by God to reform the Church . Came from Henry IV

question

Describe the Concordat of Worms and explain why it was a turning point for the Church:

answer

Under this agreement, a bishop in Germany was first elected by Church officials. After, the new bishop paid homage to the king as his lord. The king in return invested him with the symbols of earthly officials.

question

Pope Innocent III had a strong belief in papal supremacy. He used spiritual weapons like the interdict to make this happen. What was an interdict and what is a sacrament? What was the goal in using interdiction?

answer

Was to cause the people under interdiction, who were deprived of the comforts of religion, to extend pressure against their ruler.

question

How the Cistercian Order was founded:

answer

In 1098 by a group of monks who were unhappy with the lack of discipline at their own Benedictine monastery

question

What types of women were joining convents at this time?

answer

Female intellectuals, nuns

question

Who was Hildegard of Bingen and was she known for?

answer

Composer- succeeded at a time when music, especially sacred music, was almost exclusively the domain of men

question

Who led the Franciscans, what their goals were:

answer

Francis of Assisi- for a return to the simplicity and poverty of the early Church missionary work

question

Who led the Dominicans, and what their goals were (including what heresy is):

answer

Spanish priest Domanic de Guzmán- defend the Church teachings from heresy

question

What was the Inquisition?

answer

dealt with heretics

question

How were people punished for confessing?

answer

flogging

question

Why did people think this was an accepted practice?

answer

Believed the only path to salvation was through the Church. To them, heresy was a crime against God and humanity. So using force to save souls was the right thing to do.

question

List some examples of saints:

answer

Jesus' apostles, Mary and numerous local saints of special significance to a single area

question

Why are relics considered to be significant?

answer

Were considered worthy of worship because they were believed to provide a link between the earthly world and God.

question

List the places that Medieval Christians would take pilgrimages to:

answer

Holy Shrine, Holy City of Jerusalem, Rome, Spanish town of Santiago de Compostela, tomb of the apostle Jesus

question

The text describes several different motivations behind the Crusades. List them here:

answer

Religious favor

question

How many early Crusades were there? What was their common factor?

answer

3- all going to Jerusalem or "Holy Land"

question

Were the later Crusades successful?

answer

no

question

___________________________________________________ benefited the most from the Crusades due to increased trade with the Eastern world.

answer

Italian Merchants

question

Led to widespread attacks on __________________ because Christians believed they were responsible for Jesus's death.

answer

Jews

question

Helped to break down the political system of _____________________________ because nobles sold their land to join armies to fight the Crusades.

answer

feudalism

question

As nobles lost power, the kings created stronger __________________ governments.

answer

central

question

Paved the way for the development of _________________________________. The three strongest ones that emerged in Europe were Spain, England, and France.

answer

true nation-states

question

In what style were churches built in during the eleventh and twelfth centuries? What were these churches like inside?

answer

Romanesque style- dark

question

What was the name of the new style of architecture that developed?

answer

Gothic

question

What two innovations made this possible?

answer

replacement of the round barrel vault with a combination of ribbed vaults and pointed arches and flying buttresses

question

What did these new style churches have that the old style could not?

answer

Flying buttresses made it possible to distribute the weight of the churches vaulted ceilings outward and down. This eliminated the heavy walls needed in Romanesque to hold the weight the massive barrel vaults. Gothic- built with thin walls with stained glass window

question

Where were the first universities established?

answer

Bologna, Italy

question

How did scholasticism influence theology?

answer

its chief task was to harmonize Christian teachings with the works of the Greek philosophers

question

What was the universal language used in the Church and schools?

answer

Latin

question

What were two popular types of vernacular literature in the twelfth century, and what were they about?

answer

Troubadour Poetry- was chiefly the product of nobles and knights Chanson de geste- heroic type

question

What happened in Europe that led to chronic malnutrition and in turn higher susceptibility to disease?

answer

The Great Famine

question

What was the most common form of the Black Death? How did it spread?

answer

Bubonic Plague. Rats infested with fleas carrying deadly bacterium

question

When and how did the plague first get to Europe?

answer

Italian Merchants

question

What path did the plague usually follow?

answer

Trade Routes

question

About how much of the European population was killed by it? Where did it hit hardest?

answer

75 million, 1/3- Italy's crowded cities

question

What is anti-semitism? How did the plague lead to this?

answer

hostility toward or discrimination against Jews; accused of causing plague by poisoning wells

question

_________________ declined, and a shortage of workers caused a dramatic rise in the price of _____________________

answer

trade, labor

question

Lower demand for _________________, resulting in falling prices

answer

food

question

Freedom from ______________________ (since lords now had to pay more for labor)

answer

serfdom

question

When was the height of the Church's power? When did they start facing problems?

answer

in the 1200's, in the 1300's

question

Where is Avignon? From what years did the popes live there instead of Rome?

answer

Southern France, from 1305-1377

question

List two reasons why the popes living in Avignon were criticized:

answer

the splendor, perceiving the disastrous decline in papal prestige

question

Summarize what caused the Great Schism:

answer

Gregory XI died soon after his return to Rome. People elected new pope, so there were 2 popes.

question

The Great Schism divided Europe. Describe each "side" of the schism:

answer

France and its allies supported the pope in Avignon and England and its allies supported the pope in Rome

question

How did the Great Schism damage the Church?

answer

the pope was believed to be the true leader of Christendom when each line of the popes denounced the other as the Antichrist, people's faith in both the papacy and the Church were undermined

question

Describe the state of the Church by the early 1400's:

answer

had lost much of its political power, no longer supreracy of the state

question

What event sparked the Hundred Years' War? When?

answer

Edward declared war on Philip in 1337

question

Why was the Hundred Years' War a turning point in warfare?

answer

peasant foot soldiers, not knights, won the chief battles of the war

question

What was Joan of Arc's role in the Hundred Years' War?

answer

was a major general in the French army

question

Who won the Hundred Years' War? When did it end?

answer

England in 1415

question

What effects did the Hundred Years' War have on France?

answer

developed a strong degree of French national feeling toward a common enemy

question

How did a tallie help King Louis XI strengthen the monarchy?

answer

gave him a regular source of income

question

What effects did the Hundred Years' War have on England?

answer

the cost of the war and losses in man power strained the economy

question

What did Henry VII do to create a strong royal government?

answer

ended the wars of the nobles by abolishing their private armies, also very thrifty, but not overburdening the nobles and the middle class with taxes

question

What actions did Ferdinand and Isabella take to strengthen royal control in Spain?

answer

believed religious unity was necessary for political unity, pursuing a policy of strict conformity to Catholicism

question

How was central and Eastern Europe different from France, England, and Spain? Why?

answer

didn't develop a strong monarchical authority

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