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Who was Clovis

answer

*He was the warrior king of the Franks in 496 he won many battles. *He conquered the former Roman province of Gaul (which later became France) *He ruled his new lands according to Frankish custom but preserved much of the Roman legacy. *He converted to Christianity, the religion of his subjects in Gaul. *Earned their respect as well as a powerful ally the Pope in Rome.

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Describe Western Europe after the collapse of the western Roman Empire

answer

During that time there were waves of invaders that swept across the region taking control of the former Roman lands. These things occurred *trade slowed to a trickle *towns emptied *classical learning ceased For these reasons the time period came to be known as the "Dark Ages".---Later on though because there was a blend of Germanic, Christian and Greco-Roman traditions, the civilization from 500-1500 was called the Middle Ages.

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Define: Middle Ages

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The period between ancient times and modern times--from 500 to 1500 AD

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Define: Medieval

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The culture of the Middle Ages was called the medieval civilizaion from the latin words for "middle ages"

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How did Germanic tribes divide Western Europe into smaller kingdoms

answer

Various different groups in Western Europe conquered the lands once occupied by the Romans. --Franks --Saxons --Goths --Vandals These different groups divided the area into smaller kingdoms

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Who were the Franks

answer

One of many Germanic tribes that conquered parts of the Roman Empire between 400-700 AD. Dividing it into smaller kingdoms

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How did the Franks extend their power

answer

By Clovis conquering Gaul from the Romans and converting to Christianity--gained powerful ally in Rome--the Pope

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How did the Germanic tribes govern their kingdoms

answer

**They were mostly farmers and herders. **They had no cities or written laws. **They lived in small communities governed by unwritten customs. **Kings were elected by tribal councils. **Warriors swore their loyalty to the king in exchange for weapons and a share in the plunder taken from conquered people.

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Describe the rise of the Germanic Kingdoms

answer

Small bands of Germanic peoples began conquering the Western Roman empire and settled in these areas of Europe from about 496 with King Clovis successfully taking over Gaul from the Romans.

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When and where did the Muslim Empire begin

answer

A new power was emerging in Arabia during the 600's, the religion of Islam started there and the believers were called Muslims, who created a new civilization and started expanding their empire.

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How did a Muslim empire threaten Europe

answer

**When Muslim armies overran Chrisitan lands from Palestine to North Africa to modern day Spain. **Leaders of the Christian kingdoms and church became alarmed ** They advanced no further but continued to rule most of what is now Spain which was a source for great anxiety for European Christian leaders.

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Who was Charles Martel

answer

He was a Frankish king that rallied warriors against the Muslims when they crossed into France in 732.

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What was the battle of Tours

answer

The battle between Charles Martel's Frankish warriors and the Muslim armies that crossed into modern day France in 732. **Martel and his warriors won the battle. **The victory to them was a sign that God was on their side. **Muslims advanced no further into Western Europe.

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Who was Charlemagne

answer

**The grandson of Charles Martel that became the king of the Franks in 768. **Briefly united Western Europe when he built an empire reaching across what is now France, Germany, and part of Italy. **He became known as Charles the Great

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Describe the Age of Charlemagne

answer

** He reigned for 46 years ** He spent much of his time fighting Muslims in Spain, Saxons in the North, Avars & Slavs in the East and Lombards in Italy. ** His conquests reunited much of the old Western Roman empire. ** He extended Christian civilization into northern Europe and further the blending of Germanic Roman and Christian traditions ** He set up strong efficient governments ** Pope Leo III proclaimed him Emperor of the Romans after he helped defeat his enemies ** The crowning of Charlemagne deep in the split between the Eastern and Western Roman Christian worlds. ** He encourage the creation of local schools and wanted to revive Latin learning throughout his empire ** He help spread Christianity to the conquered peoples of his empire

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Describe Charlemagne's legacy

answer

After Charlemagne died at 814 his son Louis I took the throne. ** He extended Christian civilization into northern Europe and further blended the Germanic, Roman and Christian traditions ** He also set up strong efficient governments later, other rulers took his example to strengthen their own kingdoms

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Describe the new waves of invasions after Charlemagne's death

answer

Muslim forces posed a threat to Christian Europe in the late 800s conquering Sicily which became a thriving center of Muslim culture

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Who were the Magyars

answer

new wave of nomadic people settled in present-day Hungary in 900 ** They also overran Eastern Europe moved on to plunder Germany, parts of France and Italy took them over 50 years before they were pushed back to Hungary

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Who were the Vikings

answer

Broke the last threads of unity in Charlemagne's empire ** They lived in Scandinavia and were independent farmers will buy land owning chieftains ** They were not only destructive Raiders but we're also traders and explorers who sailed around the Mediterranean Sea and across the Atlantic Ocean ** In 1000 they set up a short-lived Viking colony in North America ** They opened up trade routes that linked northern Europe to Mediterranean lands ** They settled in England Ireland northern France and parts of Russia and mixed with the local population

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Why did Europe decline

answer

--The Western Roman empire collapsed --Invaders swept across the region --Trade, travel, towns, and learning all decreased --Germanic kingdoms carved up a once unified empire

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Key figures in the rise of Europe

answer

--Clovis, king of the Franks who converted to Christianity --Charles Martel, leader of the franks of the battle of Tours --Charlemagne, emperor who united much of Western Europe into a Christian kingdom --Eleanor of Aquataine, politically influential wife of King Louis VII, of France and later King Henry II of England and mother of King Richard the lion heart --Benedict, monk who instituted Benedictine rule for monastic life --St. Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscan order of friars

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Feudalism

answer

political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service.

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Vassal

answer

a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he or she owes allegiance. a person also agreed to provide the lord with 40 days of military service each year certain money payments and advice.

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Feudal contract

answer

The rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal. It was based on the exchange of land for loyalty and military service.

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Fief

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An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty. It ranged from a few acres to hundreds of square miles. it also included peasants to work the land as well as towns or buildings on it.

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Knight

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At the age of 7 a boy was sent to the castle of his father's lord to train to ride ; fight. Then as a man he received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a mounted warrior.

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Tournament

answer

A mock battle between groups of knights.

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Chivalry

answer

A code of behavior for knights in medieval Europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion. It required the knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their word and they had to fight fairly.

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Troubadour

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A medieval poet and musician who traveled from place to place, entertaining people with songs of courtly love.

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Manor

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--A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord. --Peasants made up the majority of the population of medieval society and lived and worked on the manor. --The peasants who live there produced almost everything they needed from food and clothing to simple furniture and tools --The manor included cottages in huts clustered close together in a village --There was a watermill to grind grain, a church and the Lord's manor house --Each family had strips of land in different fields so that good and bad land were shared evenly.

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Serf

answer

A person who is bound to the land and manor owned by the feudal lord during the Middle Ages. --They were not slaves but could be bought and sold and they were not free -- They needed permission to leave the manor from their lord.

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Aristocrat

answer

Members of the nobility

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Structured society in medieval times

answer

--Monarchs --Powerful lords such as dukes and counts who held the largest fiefs --Vassals Important to note: most vassals often held fiefs for more than one lord and relationships between the two became very complex. What if both lords needed his aid a vassal usually had a liege Lord to whom he owed his first loyalty

question

Explain castles and defense during the Middle Ages

answer

By the 1100s monarchs and Nobles own sprawling Stone castles with high walls towers and drawbridges They were not merely homes for lords they were also fortresses the Knight who defended the castle also live there At that time wars often centered on seizing castles.

question

How did Eleanor of Aquitine expand the usual role of medieval women

answer

--She was the leading force in European politics for more than 50 years --Inherited her father's land at 1137 --Married the heir to the French throne when she was only 15 --Had considerable influence over her husband King Louis VII --Accompanying him on the second Crusade wearing armor and riding on horseback alongside male crusaders. --When Louis ended his marriage to Eleanor she regained control of Aquitaine --In 1152 she married King Henry II of England. --In 1173 she aided her sons in an attempt to overthrow King Henry. --When the revolt failed Henry imprisoned Eleanor --After Henry died her son King Richard known as the Lionheart became king of England and freed mother. --She later ruled in his place while he went on a crusade to the holy land

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The Crusades

answer

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

question

Noblewomen: restrictions and power

answer

--Took over the duties of her husband when he was off fighting became known as "lady of the manor" --She supervised vassals, managed the household, performed necessary agricultural and medical tasks, sometimes even had to defend her estate. --Women's rights to inherititance were restricted under the feudal system although some did inherit fiefs. --a woman frequently received land as part of a dowry. --Parents arranged a woman's marriage --a young woman was expected to know how to spin and weave and how to supervise servants some learned to read and write --A noblewoman was expected to bear many children and be dutiful to her husband

question

Explain mutual obligations between Lords and Peasants

answer

--Peasants had to work several days a week farming the lord's lands --They also repaired roads, bridges and fences --Peasants had to ask the lord's permission to marry --In return for their labor and other payments peasants had the right to farm some land for themselves --Their lord protected them from raids and warfare

question

Describe: Peasant life

answer

--Life was harsh: men, women and children worked long hours from sunup to sundown. --Ate a simple diet of black bread with vegetables such as cabbage, turnips, or onions they seldom ate meat. --At night the peasants slept with their families and the livestock in a hut --Disease took a heavy toll and few lived beyond the age of 35

question

Sacrament

answer

--The sacred rights of the church --Christians believe the participation in the sacraments would lead to salvation and everlasting life with God

question

Benedictine rule

answer

A collection of rules and guidelines for monks and monasteries; named for a monk named Benedict

question

Secular

answer

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

question

Papal supremacy

answer

The claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all secular rulers.

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Canon law

answer

the Church's own body of laws; this law applied to religious teachings, the behavior of the clergy, and even marriages and morals

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Excommunication

answer

Exclusion and banishment from the Catholic Church as penalty for refusing to obey church laws

question

Interdict

answer

An order excluding an entire town region or kingdom from receiving most sacraments of Christian burial. --A censure by the Roman Catholic Church withdrawing certain sacraments and Christian burial from a person or all persons in a particular district

question

Friar

answer

A medieval European monk who traveled from place to place preaching to the poor

question

Francis of Assisi

answer

an Italian and the Roman Catholic monk who founded the Franciscan order of friars. --He gave up his wealth to walk in the footsteps of Jesus --He was soon joined by a small group of followers the first Franciscan Friars --Together they lived a life of service to the poor and sick, --the church made him a saint in 1228

question

Doctrine

answer

Something taught as a principle of religion

question

The Franciscan order of Friars

answer

Preached: poverty, humility and love of God

question

The Dominican order of Friars

answer

Dedicated themselves to teach official Christian beliefs in order to combat heresies--(Religious doctrines that differed from church teachings)

question

Describe the medieval church

answer

--Medieval Christian's shoulder devotion to faith by taking pilgrimages --The church and its teachings were central to medieval life --Religion shape the everyday lives of Christian Europeans --The church hierarchy came to exert considerable economic and political power

question

What was the Church's most important achievement the early Middle Ages

answer

converting the diverse people of Western Europe to Christianity.

question

What was the role of the parish priest

answer

--He was often the only contact people had with the church --They celebrated the Mass. and administered the sacraments --He preached the teachings of the church and explained the Christian Bible which was in Latin --They guided people on morality and offered assistance to the sick and needy --Some parish priests even ran schools

question

Importance of the village church

answer

--It was a social center and place of worship in the largest public building in the village --The main events of each person's life took place at the church --Baptism, marriage and death --Church buildings were decorated with care

question

What was the main church requirement for Christians

answer

To pay a tithe or a tax equal to one 10th of their income the tithe supported the local parish, Increasing amounts of money were also sent to Rome

question

Define: Cathedral

answer

A larger church that was managed by a bishop who supervised the parish priests it was a huge ornate building in the Gothic style

question

What is monastic life

answer

Women and men who withdrew from worldly life to devote themselves to the higher power of God, they became monks and nuns.

question

Explain the vows of Benedictine rule

answer

1. Obedience to the head of the monastery or convent 2. Poverty 3. Chastity or purity --Each day was divided the periods for worship, work and study

question

What was the main role of monks and nuns in a village area

answer

--Looked up to the poor and sick --Set up schools for children --Gave food and lodging to travelers especially Christian pilgrims --They copied Greek and Roman works in the library --They also wrote and taught in Latin --Some became missionaries and traveled to spread Christianity throughout Europe

question

Who was Hildegard of Bingen

answer

--She was from a noble family. --She became a nun, founded an abbey, wrote books, and plays and composed music --Popes and rulers sought her advice

question

define: Papal states

answer

Vast lands in central Italy that the pope held himself

question

Describe the church's role in society

answer

--Held authority over all secular rulers including kings and emperors --High clergy such as bishops and archbishops were nobles And had their own territories and armies --Church officials were closely linked to secular rulers --Church officials were often relatives of secular rulers

question

Define how religious authority affected daily life

answer

--All Christians believe that people were sinners and they were doomed to eternal suffering --To avoid the tortures of hell, one had to do good works, believe in Jesus as the son of God, and participate in the sacraments

question

Define the Truce of God

answer

The church declared periods of temporary peace among warring nobles that demanded fighting stop between Friday and Sunday each week and on religious holidays. This eventually led to the decline of warfare in Europe during the 1100s

question

Describe the Corruption of the church

answer

--As wealth and power grew in the church discipline weakened --Some nuns & monks ignored their vows of poverty --Priests were allowed to marry and focused less on religious duties

question

Describe two movements of reform

answer

Abbot Bruno reformed his monastery in France reviving Benedictine rule --He refused to allow nobles and bishops to interfere in monastery affairs --When Gregory VII became Pope, he wanted to limit secular influence on the church --He insisted that only the church be allowed to select the bishops

question

Describe Jews in Medieval Europe

answer

--Jews flourished in present-day Spain. --Spain became a center of Jewish culture in scholarship --Jews served as officials in Muslim royal courts --Jews lived alongside other Christians in different parts of Western Europe --By the late 1000's Western Europe was more Christianized and prejudice against the Jews increased --Popes and rulers turned to educated Jews as financial advisors and physicians --In response to growing persecution, thousands of Jews migrated to Eastern Europe

question

Charter

answer

a written document which set out the rights and privileges to a merchant who wanted to set up a new town, Which helped them protect their interests and private property. --In return merchants paid the lord or King a large sum of money, a yearly fee or both.

question

Capital

answer

Money needed for investment, to stimulate growth

question

Partnership

answer

A way for merchants to pool their funds together to finance a large-scale venture that would be too costly for individual trader

question

Tenant farmer

answer

Farmers who paid rent for the land

question

Middle-class

answer

The new class that ranked between nobles and peasants which included merchants, traders and artisans during the middle ages. --In medieval towns the middle class gained economic and political power

question

Guild

answer

They were associations formed by merchants and artisans. They represented workers in a particular occupation such as weavers, bakers, or goldsmiths.

question

Apprentice

answer

The trainee to a guild master. Usually spending seven years to learn a trade beginning at the age of seven or eight

question

Journeyman

answer

A salaried worker working for a guild member after his apprenticeship

question

What technology helps improve farming by the 800s

answer

Iron plows rather than wood and horses to pull the plows rather than oxen --The horses could plow more land in a day than oxen, so peasants could enlarge their fields and plant more crops

question

How did these new farming techniques impact population

answer

In addition to iron plows and horses, they also used a new way to rotate crops: the 3 field system, 1 field was grain, 1 field was legumes, 1 field unplanted. --All of these improvements allowed peasants the produce more food therefore impacting the growth in population. --Between 1000 and 1300 the population of Europe almost tripled

question

Explain the revival of trade and travel

answer

Enterprising traders formed merchant companies that traveled in armed caravans for safety. They exchanged local goods for those from remote markets in the Middle East and farther east into Asia

question

Explain the growth of towns and cities

answer

They started to grow when the merchants and artisans had to stop their trade routes near castles for the winter.

question

Explain the beginnings of modern business

answer

--Merchants joined together to form partnerships to pool their resources and finances so they could reduce their risk on any venture and made more capital available. --They eventually developed a system of insurance to reduce risks on these ventures. --they also borrowed a system of credit used primarily by the Muslims, to reduce the risk lost money on travel

question

Explain how society began to change

answer

--The new business practices were part of the commercial revolution that transformed the medieval economy --For example--The use of money undermined serfdom. Feudal lords needed money to buy fine goods. As a result many peasants begin selling farm products to townspeople and paying rent to their lord in cash rather than in labor.

question

Explain the role of Merchant guilds

answer

---appeared first --dominated town life by passing laws and levying taxes --decided whether to spend funds to pave streets with cobblestones or make other town improvements.

question

Explain the role of ARTISIAN guilds

answer

--Created when artisans came to resent the powerful merchants they organized their own craft guilds --Each one of theses represented workers in an occupation such as weavers, bakers or goldsmiths. --Guild members cooperated to protect their own economic interests --To prevent competition they limited guild membership --No one except guild members could work any trade --They made rules to protect the quality of their goods--regulate hours of labor-- and set prices --Some operated schools and hospitals and looked after the needs of their members --Provided support for widows and orphans of their members

question

Explain how you could become a guild number

answer

--Most started out as an apprentice and worked for another guild member for many years as a trainee or apprentice --After they learned the trade they could become a guild member, most did not however, unless they were related to one. --Instead they became journeyman or salaried workers for guild members

question

Explain women in the guilds

answer

--Young girls became apprentices in trades such as ribbon making and papermaking --Often took over a workshop of their father or husband of the same trade --Women dominated some trades and even had their own guilds --In Paris: women guilds outnumbered the men in silk and wool --In Frankfurt one third of the guilds were comprised entirely of women

question

Explain town and city life in medieval times

answer

--Most were surrounded by high protective walls --As cities grew space within the walls filled and newcomers settled in fields outside the walls --2nd & 3rd stories were added to houses & shops due to overcrowding --Many cities and towns had a church --Neighborhoods were made of people with similar backgrounds, like guild members --There was no garbage collection or sewer system --It became a breeding ground for disease --it was filthy, smelly, noisy, & overcrowded

question

What were the typical products that merchants bought in Constantinople and where were they shipped

answer

--Chinese silks --Byzantine gold and jewelry --Asian spices --Those goods were shipped to Venice

question

What was the Hanseatic league

answer

--An association formed by German towns along the Baltic Sea to protect their trading interests which dominated trade in northern Europe for over 150 years --It took action against robbers and pirates --Built Light houses and trained ships pilots

question

How did northern Europeans pay for goods

answer

With products such as honey, furs, cloth, tin, and lead

question

Types of crops

answer

Legumes, wheat, oats, peas, barley

question

Italian Peninsula

answer

The "boot" of Italy; starts at the calf

question

Disadvantages of living in a city in medival times

answer

1) The city was crowded with people 2) A jumble of narrow streets 3) fire was a constant threat 4) no garbage collection or sewer system 5) breeding ground for disease 6) boys became apprentices at young age

question

advantages of living in a city in medival times

answer

1) Protected by high walls. 2) middle class had power 3) travel was safer 4) trade increased

question

Who was the Pope that crowned Charlemagne?

answer

Pope Leo III

question

Pepin the Short

answer

He sent troops to help the pope fend off Germanic tribes twice; pope named him king of the Franks in exchange. He was mayor of the palace.

question

What were the feudal obligations of a lord to his vassals?

answer

use of the land and all of the profits from the land, use of the serfs that were bound to that land, protection from invasion, and a system of justice

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