Chapter 9 Industrialization Revolution Test Review – Flashcards
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Industrial revolution
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a time period that greatly increased the output of machine-made goods
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crop rotation
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switching crops each year to avoid depleting the soil
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factories
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buildings that contain machines for manufacturing
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luddites
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group that destroys machinery that puts them out of work
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laissez faire
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economic policy of gov't not interfering with politics
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capitalism
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system of privately owned businesses seeking profits
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Karl Marx
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German journalist proposes a radical socialism
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Unions
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associations formed by laborers to work for change
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Industrialization
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move to machine production of goods
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utilitarianism
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actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority
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enclosures
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large farm fields enclosed by fences/hedges
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James Watt
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improved steam engine, financed by Boulton
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stock
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limited ownership rights for company, sold to raise money
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adam smith
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defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations
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Socialism
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belief that businesses should be owned by society as a whole
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Communism
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society where gov't owns share means of production
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factors of production
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the inputs to the production process
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corporations
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company owned by stockholders that share profits, not debt
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Why did the Industrial Rev start in Britain?
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nat. resources- coal, iron, rivers, harbors expanding economy land, labor, capital
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How did the agriculture lead to the Industrial Rev
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better food population boost less focus on farms, more on cities people flock to city, create work force
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Working conditions of factories?
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14 hr work days, 6 days a week poorly lit and dirty dangerous
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Living conditions of Industrial Rev
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epidemics, short lifespan, dirty no sanitation codes, no building codes no adequate housing, police protection, or education
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Effects of industrialization- economic
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technological advances increase in jobs clothing cheaper
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Effects of industrialization- social
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education expands clothing cheaper diet and housing improve improved living and working conditions
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effects of industrialization- political
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workers get shorter hrs, better conditions gov't uses increased tax revenues for urban improvements rise of corporations
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How does industrialization spread to rest of Europe?
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British workers smuggle machine plans and start companies
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How does industrialization spread to US?
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Samuel Slater builds textile mill in U.S.
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Explain capitalism
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system of privately owned business seeking profits individuals own means of production competition of prices between businesses no gov't control
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Explain socialism
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community or state own property and means of production cooperation for good of all people protect the workers distribute goods based on individual needs
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Explain communism
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society where gov't owns share means of production radical socialism
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How do unions form?
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skilled workers form associations to work for a change
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What are the unions' goals?
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higher wages shorter hours better conditions
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What are some reforms that occurred in response to the Industrial Rev
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Abolition of slavery Fight for women's rights
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What are the factors of production?
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land, labor, capital
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What technological advances occurred in the textile industry? List two advances and their effect on the Industrial Revolution.
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Spinning Jenny / Flying Shuttle / Water Frame / Cotton Gin increase production of textiles and cotton in Great Britain and making goods easier to produce and more affordable
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Give an example of a new type of transportation technology and explain its significance to the Industrial Revolution.
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steam Engine --> Steam Boat --> Railroad faster transport of people and goods
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What is urbanization?
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city building and movement of people to cities
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Why does urbanization occur?
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People flock to cities to work in factories
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Explain the day in the factory for a child laborer.
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Average workday : 14-16 hours / Dirty, poorly lit factories / Short break for lunch / Whipped if lag because tired / No dinner break / Late hours / Low wages
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Explain the class tensions the occur as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
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Working class lives not improved --> Many jobs replaced by machines / Luddites --> groups destroy machinery that put them out of work / Middle class created ( skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, professionals) / Looked down upon by upper class
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List and explain three negative effects of industrialization.
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1. Poor working conditions (factories dirty, unsafe, long hours, etc.) / 2. Workers overworked and underpaid / 3. Cities lack housing space / 4. Cities lack sanitary codes / 5. Epidemics spread throughout the cities / 6. Pollution
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Define the terms Stock and Corporation.
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Stock --> Limited ownership rights for company, sold to raise money / Corporation --> company owned by stockholders, share profits not debts
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What is their significance?
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Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can to make a profit
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How does Great Britain attempt to limit industrialization outside of the country?
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Great Britain forbids engineers and mechanics from leaving the country and spreading the new technology.
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How does industrialization spread to the US? What industry is affected first?
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Samuel Slater (English textile worker) builds textile mills in US / Lowell, Massachusetts became a mechanized textile center / Young single women flocked to factory towns to work in textile mills
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How does the railroad expand in the United States? How does this affect industrialization?
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The railroad spread to the west, connecting the rest of the US and spreading industrialization throughout all of the territories of the United States
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Define the terms Union and Strike.
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Unions --> associations formed by laborers to work for change Strike --> refusal to work to negotiate a change in working conditions
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What kind of reforms occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution? Give two examples.
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1842 Mines Act --> stops women and children from working underground / 1847 --> workday for women and children limited to 10 hours per day / US ends child labor & sets maximum hours of work / 1833 --> slavery ends in Britain / 1865 --> slavery ends in US Fight for women's rights begins / Education reforms begin
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What kind of economic system did Adam Smith believe in?
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Laissez faire- economic policy of not interfering with business, free market
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List and explain Smith's three natural laws of economics.
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self-interest- progress occurs when ppl act selfishly in their work (innovation and patenting) competition- each business tries to produce better goods for lower prices supply & demand- give the people what they want
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Why would workers be attracted to communism in the 19th century?
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Communism favors the lower class worker. It predicts a world where the workers overthrow the upper class and take control of the factories. It focuses on communally owned property and government control of the economy that promotes equality.
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Define the terms crop rotation and enclosure.
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Crop Rotation --> switching crops each year to avoid depleting the soil Enclosures --> large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges, allow experimentation with new agricultural methods
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Define utilitarianism. How is this term relevant to the Industrial Revolution.
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Utilitarianism --> judge things by their usefulness People start to favor regulations to help workers, spread wealth. Leads to socialist ideas
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List three goals that unions had.
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higher wages, shorter hours, limited child labor, better education, improved factory conditions
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What did capitalists Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo believe about the 19th century?
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1. Population grows faster than food supply 2. Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery & poverty result 3. Permanent, poor underclass providing cheap labor
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Explain how the Agricultural Revolution leads to the Industrial Revolution.
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New techniques lead to increased population / Population provides labor force / People move to the cities / Factories and production grow
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What are three positive effects of industrialization?
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1. Creates jobs / 2. Creates wealth for nation / 3. Encourages technological progress / 4. Education expands / 5. Cheaper clothing / 6. Diet and housing eventually improve / 7. Eventually workers win better wages and conditions
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How does the industrial revolution spread to continental Europe? Give an example.
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Belgium --> has iron ore, coal, water transportation, British workers smuggle in machine plans & start companies
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List two characteristics of capitalism
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1. Individuals and businesses own property & the means of production 2. Progress results when individuals follow their own self-interest
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List two characteristics of socialism
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1. The community or the state should own property and the means of production 2. Progress results when a community of producers cooperate for the good of all
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Explain the Communist Manifesto.
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Written by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engles. 1. Believed society is divided into warring classes 2. Capitalism helps employers (bourgeoisie) 3. Hurts employees (proletariat) 4. Predict workers will overthrow owners
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How were goods made before the Industrial Revolution?
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by hand
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What city is a good example of how industrialization changed society?
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Manchester
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Why did America start making its own goods?
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Britain stopped sending goods during War of 1812
