RTV 3001 – Flashcard
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What is telecommunication?
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Dissemination of messages over a distance
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What is broadcasting?
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Originally from agriculture. The distribution of seeds. One to many.
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What are technological, economic, and cultural convergences?
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All industries have gone into a digital format. So whatever we talk about are technologically converged over any device. Economic convergance is big coorporations swallow up smaller ones. Cultural convergence, we all use media to understand our world.
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Traditional content vs. on demand content
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On Demand: consumer decides when they watch Traditional: network/channel decides when to watch
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Functions of Electronic Media
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surveillance, correlation, cultural transmission, entertainment, companionship, and connection Companionship: electronic media is our friend who helps us distress. Connection: media helps us feel connected to other people. We post on Facebook or message friends.
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Weaknesses of wired communication
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Construction and maintenance.
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Samuel Morse
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Invented the telegraph (1844)
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Alexander G. Bell
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Invented the telephone (1877)
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Heinrich Hertz
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a. Demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic radiation
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Guglielmo Marconi
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Obtained patent for wireless telegraph in 1896
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Initial uses of radio before broadcasting
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Point-to-point communication Ship communication Military operations
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Titanic and its affect on radio regulation and shipping industry
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Titanic sunk, which spurred congress to action and enacting the Wireless Ship Act of 1910, requiring staffing on ship radio day and night.
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Reginald Fesseden
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a. Built a high speed alternator and tested it on Christmas eve 1906 b. Was the first "broadcast" ever c. His alternator produced the first continuous wave that was necessary for voice or music.
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Audion. Lee DeForest
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a. His invention called the audion made it possible to amplify weak radio signals. b. The audion modified the fleming valve by inserting a grid between the plate and the wire.
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Navy and WWI's effect on radio development
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Technology advances rapidly because of naval actions Many radio operators received their training during WWI
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Formation of RCA
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First formed after WWI. Took controlling interest of the American Marconi Company.
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Significance of KDKA
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First uninterrupted station.
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Telephone group and toll broadcasting
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Different dieas in early days of radio. Telephone group, led my American telephone and telegraph, favored toll broadcasting. Local citizens pay money to make programing.
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Radio group and indirect support
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Radio group of stations, believed in indirect support. Station makes programs, advertising sales people who sell time in these programs. This wins out and becomes way it works.
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RCA-AT;T Agreement
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AT;T leaves broadcasting, AT;T will then give up monopoly claim. WEAF sold to RCA for 1 million.
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David Sarnoff
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David Sarnoff started NBC in 1920's. Begain radio network broadcasting overseeing two radio networks.
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CBS
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Investment by Columbia Phonograph. Columbia dropped out and William Paley buys Columbia. "Tiffany Network"
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William Paley
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Leads CBS to prominence
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Edwin Armstrong
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Invented fm in 1933
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Wireless Ship Act of 1910
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First radio law Did not specify how many hours a day wireless operators had to be at posts Led to Titanic deaths
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Provisions of Radio Act of 1912
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Regulatory Authority to Secretary of Commerce Set frequencies and hours of operation HAD to issue license on application
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State of regulation and radio waves for broadcasting in the 1920's
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Broadcasting boom (6000 amateur radio stations, 4600 commercial stations) Interference becomes an issue. Chaos More stations than frequencies Some stations ignored the rules Some with bad equipment
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Provisions of Radio Act of 1927
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Stability provided. Have to get license to broadcast in us No Gov Censorship No ownership of airwaves Establishes the FRC.
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Federal Radio Commission (FRC)
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Prelude to FCC Established in Radio act of 1927 Regulates broadcasting Originally formed to solve interference problems
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Provisions of Communications Act of 1934
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Folded in all concepts of Radio act of 1927, licensing of broadcast stations, controlled by commission in Washington D.C. No censorship. Airwaves can't be owned. Name of commission used to FRC, is now FCC.
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Use of "Fireside Chats" by Franklin D. Roosevelt
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President Roosevelt uses Radio to bring personality across. Not so elite anymore, feels like your uncle.
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NBC Break-up & formation of ABC33. NBC Break-up & formation of ABC
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RCA corporation was so dominant in radio that they had 2 broadcast networks. NBC red and NBC blue. In US there is always concern over monopoly. FCC made them sell one of the networks. NBC blue is sold to guy who owned lifesavers candy, becomes ABC
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Radio's programming response to TV's popularity and growth in 1950s and 1960s
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Radio was forced to change. Became more localized, format changes to only include music, sports and talk. Radio has better relationship with music record industry.
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Role of FCC in development of FM.
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FM space on electromagnetic spectrum was changed by FCC at behest of David Sarnoff. Sarnoff screwed with Armstrong making his equipment obsolete.
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Radio in the 21st century - deregulation, personalization
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21st radio is typified by consolidation. Less companies. IHeart buying up competition. Tighter control of playlists. Personalization: Pandora, sportify, etc.
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What is the significance of iHeartMedia
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I heart media is the largest owner of radio stations in America today.
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"Tin Pan Alley'" & The British Invasion
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Tin Pan Ally: early place where production was headquartered in NYC. British Invasion: 60's where the beetles, rooling stones, etc enter popular us culture.
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Berry Gordy
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In history of recorded music, moved to different regions. Established MoTown in Detroit. Has a lot of African-American stars, unique sound, hugely successful.
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Music today: creation, promotion, distribution
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In terms of business model, crosses different platforms. Create material, promote it, and distribute it. These are the steps.
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Who was given credit for inventing the Audion Tube?
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Lee De Forest.
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During his younger years, who set out to discover exactly how the Audion Tube worked?
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Armstrong
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Although DeForest liked to claim credit for the first radio broadcast of voice and music, who made the first known broadcast of voice and music on December 24, 1906?
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Reginald Fessenden made the first broadcast on Christmas eve
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45. What is the significance of Armstrong's Regenerative Circuit?
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a. He found a way to use the audion to amplify incoming radio signals as well as detect them. This regenerative circuit would be used in almost every piece of radio equipment.
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What two inventors were involved in one of the longest court battles involving patent rights?
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DeForest and Armstrong.
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Who was the individual that invented FM radio?
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Edwin Armstrong
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What did Armstrong do, after having his idea for FM radio turned down by Sarnoff?
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a. Armstrong built his own FM tower. He began broadcasting and licensed companies to make FM receivers
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After Sarnoff belatedly offered $1,000,000.00 for the rights to the FM System, what did Armstrong do?
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Armstrong said "Screw you" started own FM radio broadcast network, the "yankee network"
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What did Sarnoff do after the FCC decided the audio band for television would be carried by FM waves?
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Sarnoff is wiley business individual. Went to FCC and got them to move where FM radio was situated on electromagnetic spectrum, made Armstrongs receivers obsolete.
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When and where did Sarnoff announce the existence and development of television?
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Worlds Fair of 1939 in New York.
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Did Armstrong's problems, caused by Sarnoff, affect his personal life? If so, how?
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a. He became depressed and lashed out at his life. He eventually killed himself.
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Who possessed a knack for looking over another inventor's shoulder, taking what had been developed, adding something to it then claim to have developed a completely new revolutionary electronic device?
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Lee Deforest
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Who eventually won the patent court battle between Armstrong and DeForest?
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a. De Forest was criticized for this bc he won and Armstrong killed himself
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Who invented the Kinetiscope ?
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Thomas Edison
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What were the contributions of the Lumiere brothers to film development?
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Lumiere brothers in France move onto film camera on tripod. Could show film back later. Smaller, portable, more efficient.
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What were the contributions of Griffith, Flaherty and Eisenstein to film history?
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Griffith: established Hollywood as place films are made, and established film language. Sytax of film (how people shoot and edit.) Flaherty: known for documentaries Eisenstein: came up with editing system of "montage"
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What was the first sound film in the USA?
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Jazz singer.
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Why was the American film industry described as a "star system?"
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Factory type environment built around stars. You go see movies starring certain actors. All marketing is built around individual actors.
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What is different about an independent film?
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Anybody can do it because it doesn't cost as much. Outside the Hollywood megacorporation structure. Capitalized at a lower rate meaning less investment, more free to have more unique content. More artistic.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of digital film distribution?
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Most of them are done digital today because it's less expensive. It's difficult because once content is digitalized and put online it's open to pirating.
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Vladimir K. Zworykin
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Invented a system that would break pictures into lines of light and dark. Scan across a phosphorus coated screen like works across a page
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Philo Farnsworth
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Attempted to establish a TV corporation WWII intervenes Patents expire in 1947
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Mechanical vs. Electronic Scanning
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Theoretical approaches to how video camera could work. Mechanical camera has disc around perimeter. Other idea is electronic scanning, electronic gun scans information of outside world. Electronic scanning wins out.
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Role of RCA's Electronic Research Laboratory
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RCA is always in forefront of science of media. This is where Armstrong was when developing FM. Where they develop TV, color TV, satellite, computers, etc. Where new tech is made.
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At the age of 14, who provided a design for television on a school blackboard?
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Philo Farnsworth.
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Which inventor won the early patent battle concerning television and how did they respond to RCA's request to buy the rights to the patents?
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Farnsworth has patent, got steamrolled by RCA for patenets.
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Which decade did Sarnoff believe TV would be in most people's homes? Why didn't the launch of TV happen under this timeline?
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1930's, WWII interrupted the lanch of TV.
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What type of problem did early TV actors experience in the studio/on set?
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Hot lights, a lot of make up, etc.
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Formation of NTSC Standard
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National Television Standards committee's. So that all the tech matches up in broadcast. Certain tech is standardized. Example: aspect ratio, FPS,
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TV Freezes during and after WWII
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a. Television development is frozen during WWII b. 1949 FCC puts a freeze on new television licenses c. Many tv stations were looking to start and every town wanted one. Things became so hectic that the FCC froze new tv station applications until it could study the future of tv. d. Stations that had already been approved during the freeze were allowed to broadcast. e. The Freeze ended in 1952 when the FCC came out with its Sixth Report and Order.
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Sixth Report and Order and Channel-Allotment Plan
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a. A document produced by the FCC in 1952 b. Set up the channel numbers and where they would be c. Set up size and shape of the screen d. Determined the standardization of the television screen. If a company has a different standard than your set then you can't watch their broadcast. e. FCC opened up new channels in the UHF part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Most people needed a special antenna to watch these though.
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What was the first TV program to record on film
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I love lucy
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Origins of early TV program formats
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Genre. Got idea from radio formats.
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What were some of the challenges and characteristics of Live TV
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Lots of makeup, if a camera operator messes up you can't fix it, hot lights. Very High Pressure.
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How did the growing popularity of television impact radio, film, dining, and sports in the 1950's?
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Radio: forced to change, team up with music labels Dining: restaurant dining is down. Film: attendance down Sports: attendance down
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What were the consequences of the Quiz Show Scandals?
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Twenty One: Like jeopardy. Herb Stempel was super smart, but was overweight, dressed poorly, sweated a lot. The sponsor of the show advertised youthfulness. They go to producers and bring on Charles Van Doren (tall, thin, good hair, son of ivy league professor) and help him win. Producers tell Stempel he's has to miss a question. Everyone goes along with it. Herb Stempel calls authorities, investigation ensues, find there is cheating at twenty one. Producers arrested and convicted. Game show industry loses credibility. Reforms enacted: prize money capped, no longer single sponsor, audience must be informed if contestant obtained assistance.
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McCarthyism and Blacklisting
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McCarthyism: Fear of communist subversion fueled the career of Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy. Blacklisting: writers, actors, reporters blacklisted on the Red Channels. If you are blacklisted you cant get a job.
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Red Channels
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Listed 151 show biz people with supposed communist ties. During McCarthy era in 1950's. Blacklists people in entertainment.
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Cultural and sociological impact of TV in the 1960's ("The National Hearth")
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TV was place where people went to see history unfold, and went to it to make themselves feel better about events.
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What was the first "television war"?
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Vietnam.
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What was the impact of satellite technology on electronic newsgathering?
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Same as on sports. Once you have satellites you can cover international news instantly. Without satellites you have to record and send it.
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Cigarette advertising ends
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Efforts of Congress to regulate advertising in 70's, it's now forbidden.
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Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
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Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 creates PBS - Begins broadcasting in 1970
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How did TV content change in the 1970's?
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Gears towards realism with MASH and ALL IN THE FAMILY
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Development of new TV broadcast networks (e.g. FOX, UPN, WB)
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a. New networks were being developed because certain demographics were being unrepresented in tv content. (UPN for minorities, WB for teens).
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Effects of satellites, cable television and VCR development on broadcasting
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a. All of these combined just created more and more audience fragmentation. VCRs allowed people to tape and record programs as well as rent movies from stores. Satellites and cable television offered greater selection to viewers on what to watch. All of these take away viewers.
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What were the effects of Fin-Syn 1970 and PTAR 1971
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Two measures of congress that erode power of big 3 Fin Syn: broadcast networks cannot produce all their own shows. Independent prod companies have to provide some stuff PTAR 1971: give back 1 half hour to local station to program
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How did the emergence of new broadcast networks impact ABC, NBC & CBS
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Traditional broadcast networks. Other networks erode market share and power.
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What is a rating?
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Inferential statistic that tells you how many people are watching or listening to a TV program.
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How has Television been affected by recent economic, technological and legal trends in the 21st century?
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Job loss in TV, content changes to narrowcasting. Changes in technology, new ways to digitalize content. Went digital in 2009. Legal considerations because there is fighting for space on electromagnetic spectrum. Emergance of Hulu, Netflix, etc "Cutting the Cord"
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CATV's origination and initial uses
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1948 it is invented. Provides content. Community antenna television provides content in rural era they cant normally see.. Era of narrowcasting.
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What did cable provide to underserved markets?
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Community antenna television provides content in rural era they cant normally see.. Era of narrowcasting.
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How is cable different than broadcast?
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a. Cable provided content to markets in rural areas. Narrowcasting, niche markets.
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The development of pay channels (HBO) HBO, ESPN, etc.
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a. New networks were being developed because certain demographics were being unrepresented in tv content. (UPN for minorities, WB for teens).
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The development of superstations (WTBS)
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a. Superstations bring program variety to those that watch tv in rural areas b. WTBS is the most famous one by ted turner in atlanta.
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Ted Turner and formation of cable-specific program networks including CNN
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a. Created the first super station WTBS in 1976 in Atlanta. b. Rented a channel on Satcom II on 1975 c. Launched the Cable News Network in 1980
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What is the significance of HBO and how did it brand itself
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HBO was a premium cable network in 1970's. It branded itself as premium by offereing movie packages and special sporting events. Offered Muhammad Ali vs Joe Frazier which established its reputation.
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What are some key events in the development of ESPN
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Unique cocntent NFL full season Supplants ABC sports
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102. Why did cable growth surge in the late 1970's and 1980's
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In 70's and 80's cable was dormant, newer and better content is coming to forefront. Made it a reason why youre willing to get it.
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Alternatives to cable - Home video - VCR, DVD, DVR, TiVO
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a. Fragmented audiences even more
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How has the development of communication satellites changed television?
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TV Networks now can send signals from anywhere rapidly, networks can send crew to event happening half a world away, date moves back to US instantly. Everything is instant, news and sports is instant.
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105. DBS consolidation to two providers
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Direct broadcast satellite. Dish and DirecTV.
