Psychology Class - Flashcards

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The ________ is the part of the brain that holds the hemispheres together.

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corpus callosum

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The lobe of the brain that interprets what we see is the _____ lobe.

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occipital

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The basic unit of the nervous system is the ________.

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neuron

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The folds in the brain that store memories are called the _________.

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convolutions

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If a person has an accident and sustains head injuries and as a result has trouble playing the piano and doing their gymnastic routines, the part of the brain that was probably injured would be the______________.

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cerebellum

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The _____ nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord.

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central

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The part of the neuron that decided if the message will travel to the next neuron or not is the ____________.

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cell body

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The space between two neurons is called the ________.

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synapse

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The man whose brain injury sparked new interest in brain research was: __________

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Phineas Gage

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The liquids that bridge the gap across the synapse are the _______.

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neurotransmitters

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Medulla

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Controls all of our involuntary responses

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Pons

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Bridge from brainstem to cortex

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Cerebellum

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Fine motor functions

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Reticular Formation

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Regulates sleep and wakefulness

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Thalamus

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Relay station for visual, auditory and somatosensory information

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Hypothalamus

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Controls drives such as hunger, thirst, etc

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Amygdala

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Emotions and emotion laden memories

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Hippocampus

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Stores short term memories and takes them to long term memory

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Convolutions

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Folds in the brain

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Corpus callosum

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Connects the hemispheres of the brain

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Septum

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Rageful behavior

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Cortex

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Surface layer of brain

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Motor cortex

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Controls voluntary movements

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Sensory cortex

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Processes body sensations

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Frontal lobe

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Speaking, future thought, and planning

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Parietal lobe

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Interprets pressure, pain, temperature and touch

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Temporal lobe

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Interprets auditory information

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Occipital lobe

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Interprets visual information

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Broca's area

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Controls our ability to speak

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Wernicke's area

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Understanding of written and spoken language

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Left hemisphere

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Language, logic, and sequential tasks

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Right hemisphere

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Spatial-visual tasks, facial recognition and creativity

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Cerebrum

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Largest part of brain, divided into two hemispheres

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Pupil

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Opening in eye adjusts to amount of light

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Optic nerve

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Takes information to the brain to be interpreted

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Cones

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Receptors that perceive color

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Blind Spot

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part of eye with no cones and rods

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Lens

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Sends the image to the retina

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Fovea

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Point of clearest vision in the eye

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Retina

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Point of transduction in the eye

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Cornea

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Transparent and protective covering over eye

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Iris

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Colored part of the eye. Controls the size of pupil

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Rods

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Receptors for black and white vision

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Sound

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Caused by vibrating objects that produce sound waves

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Pinna

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External part of ear. Helps catch sound waves.

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Auditory canal

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Takes sound from pinna to eardrum

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Tympanic membrane

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Also called eardrum. Vibrates when sound hits it

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Ossicles

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Three bones in inner ear that transmit sound to the cochlea

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Cochlea

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Area of transduction

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Hair cells

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By fluid movement trigger neural impulses (like rods and cones)

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Auditory nerve

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Takes information to the temporal lobe of interpretation

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Place theory

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Differences in pitch result from stimulation of different areas of cochlea

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Frequency theory

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Differences in pitch are due to rates of impulses traveling up the auditory nerve

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Flooding

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Forcing a person to directly face their feared situations

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Acquisition

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Time it takes to associate the UCS and NS

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John Watson

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Worked with baby Albert

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Spontaneous recovery

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Relearning what happens faster than original

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CS and CR

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Learned behavior

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Generalization

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Responding to similar stimuli

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Discrimination

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Not responding to a similar stimulus

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Extinction

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Unlearning or lack of learned response

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Neutral Stimulus

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Stimulus that has to be associated with the UCS

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UCS and UCR

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Behavior that happens naturally, unlearned

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Rehearsal

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What is needed to move short term memory to long term memory

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Shallow processing

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Just memorizing information for a test

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Explicit memory

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Memories that we are consciously aware of

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Long term memory

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Permanent and unlimited memory

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Chunking

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Linking information together to extend the capacity of short term memory

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Semantic memory

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Accumulated knowledge of "facts"

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Short-term memory

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Limited capacity of 5-9 bits of information

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Episodic memory

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Remember your last birthday and the people who shared it with you

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Mnemonic

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Memory aide

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Procedural memory

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Memories of how to do things

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"In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue" is an example of:

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mnemonic

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Following extinction, when the conditioned response (CR) gains strength again, we say it has been:

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spontaneously recovered

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Herbie's mother sent him to the store and told him 12 items to get. He didn't write them down and when he got to the store he had some retrieval problems. Herbie is most likely to remember the items _____ of the list

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at the beginning

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Herbie and his mother meet a grade school friend of Herbie's. He would like to introduce his mother to his friend but he cannot remember his friend's name. He can remember that they were best friends and all the things that they used to do. He is getting more and more frustrated because he cannot recall the name. Herbie is experiencing what type of forgetting?

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Tip-of-the-tongue

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If I am trying to remember my new locker combination for this school year but my old locker combination from the previous year blocks my ability to remember the new combination, this is an example of:

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Proactive interference

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When Joshua went to the doctor for his allergy shot, the doctor rubbed alcohol on his arm before he gave him a shot, now the smell of alcohol makes him anxious. This can be explained by:

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classical conditioning

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Skinner is to ____ as ____ is to classical conditioning.

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operant conditioning; Pavlov

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Herbie was stung by a bee and then bit by a spider and now he is afraid of all bugs. This is an example of:

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generalization

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Information is learned while a person is ____ is best retrieved when the person is ____.

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sugar high; sugar high

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The sequencing in our memory system is:

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ion, bit, engram

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Ivy saw a friend from grade school that she went to her first dance with and a whole series of memories emerged. The type of memory she was having was:

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episodic

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The psychologist who worked with Peter and helped him associate rabbits with positive things was:

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Mary Cover-Jones

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If you buy subs after school and get a card punched so that you can get one free sub after you purchase 10, Skinner would call this type of reinforcement schedule a...

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fixed ratio

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Knowing the formula for water and table salt is an example of: ____ memory

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semantic

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The part of the brain that appears to be involved in the processing of short-term memories into long term is the:

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hippocampus

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Match the best answer for each question. UCS...UCR Generalization CS...CR Acquisition Discrimation

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Behavior that happens naturally (unlearned) Responding to similar stimuli Learned behavior Time it takes to associate NS with UCS Not responding to similar stimuli

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Choose one of the questions below to answer. Use complete sentences and label which question that you are answering. 1.) You have just gotten the phone number of a very interesting person. Explain how the information will get encoded. Use the memory model and make sure that you identify the correct terms in each part. 2.) Santa, at this time of year, is preparing for Christmas and he is going over last year's list of all the good stuff he brought the children of the world. As he is doing this, his helpers are talking about what the children want this year. Explain what memory errors could occur on Christmas and why they could happen. Explain what Santa can do to prevent them.

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1. The information would be processed through shallow processing or maintenance processing. This type of process is not very effective. You'll repeat the phone number multiple times until you memorize it. Usually this is when the serial position effect comes in and we remember the beginning of the numbers and the end better rather than the ones in the end. [not yet graded]

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The influences of nature on development refer to:

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genetic influences

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Another name for a fertilized egg, right after conception is:

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zygote

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The stage during which a prenatal child can open and close its eyes and can cry is the:

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fetus

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Agents that have a negative effect on prenatal development are called

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teratogens

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The Palmer reflex allows the child to:

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grasp objects

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Harry Harlow's research found that newborn infants need

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contact comfort

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We learn language because of

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both nature and nurture

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The type of growth that is from head to toe is called

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cephalocaudal

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The high death rate of children in orphanages that Harlow investigated was called

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Marasmus syndrome

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Mothers who drink during pregnancy will have children who may experience

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growth retardation

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Longitudinal study

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study a group of people for a length of time

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Rooting reflex

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Touching an infant's cheek and having them turn and begin sucking

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Separation anxiety

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Unrest that results when a child is separated from caregiver

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Cross-sectional study

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study different groups for short period of time

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Proximodistal

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Development from the inside out

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Teratogens

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Agents that affect development in a negative way

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Moro reflex

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Fear response when infant is startled

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Cephalocaudal

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Development from the head down

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Contact comfort

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Soft that that brings satisfaction

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Marasmus syndrome

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Withdrawal and possible death of children

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Reward and punishment

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Shapes personality

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Trauma and fixation

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What causes traits in psychoanalytic approach

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Id dominant

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Rude, crude and self absorbed

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Thanatos

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Unconscious death drive

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Rationalization

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Blaming others for our faults

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Eros

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Unconscious life drive

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Regression

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Throwing a fit to relieve stress

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Sum of traits that makes us unique

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Personality

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Self-actualization

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Ultimate humanistic personality

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Superego diminant

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Needs to follow strict codes of behavior

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You are babysitting for your neighbor's child who just turned one. You are playing with the child's favorite stuffed bear, but you notice that when you put the bear behind your back the child makes no attempt to find it and just starts to cry. Developmental psychologists would definitely say that the child has not developed:

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object permanence

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Herbie expected all grade school teachers to be motherly-type women. When he walked into his fifth grade classroom and saw a young male who introduced himself as the teacher, Herbie had a hard time believing that the young man would be his teacher. This was hard for Herbie because of his narrow:

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schema

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According to Sigmund Freud, a person that is messy and unorganized would have experienced conflict and fixation in which stage of development?

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anal

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Nature is to nurture as ____ is to____.

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heredity; environment

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Many student believe that if they "exchange" homework (one does the English homework and the other does the math homework) it is not cheating and there is nothing wrong with the "exchange" behavior. In Kohlberg's theory, these students would be at what level of moral development?

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pre-conventional

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The first time Herbie saw an accordian, he called it a side-ways piano. His understanding of the accordian best illustrates the process of:

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assimilation

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Eight year old Herbie does not want to go to school. He is in the lowest reading group, has to go to the third grade for math and is the last one picked for teams on the playground. According to Erik Erikson what danger might take over Herbie?

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inferiority

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Which is the correct developmental sequence?

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zygote, embryo, fetus, infant

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Studying a group of children from first grade through high school to see the effect of pre-schooling on educational success would be which type of study?

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longitudinal

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The type of test that you are taking now which is measuring what you know in psychology is what kind of test?

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achievement

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Herbie was asked by his therapist to look at some pictures and make up a story about them. Herbie is taking which personality test?

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Thematic Apperception Test

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The personality theory that would stress our own control over our lives and destiny is:

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Behavioristic

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Babies born with fetal alcohol syndrome are proof that alcohol is a:

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teratogen

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In the psychoanalytic approach, Eros is to____ drive as ____ is to the death drive.

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life; thanatos

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According to Piaget, a cognitive development begins with the ____ stage and ends with the ____ stage.

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sensorimotor; formal operational

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Cleo wanted to extend her curfew and her parents said no. She was angry and upset and went up to her bedroom and kicked her large stuffed dog. Cleo is using which of the defense mechanisms?

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displacement

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Piaget is to cognitive development as Erikson is to____ development.

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social

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If you went to take your psychology test and were given a math test, what is the problem with the test?

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validity

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Herbie really enjoyed biology last year but he is struggling in understanding chemistry. He also loved algebra but had a hard time with the hypothesis testing in geometry. According to Piaget's ideas, Herbie is not fully into which stage?

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formal-operational

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Clusters of traits that define how people normally react in situations are called:

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dispositions

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Type A Personality

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Highly driven and extremely competitive people

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Distress

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Negative aspects of stress

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anxiety

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our psychological reaction to stress

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stress

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arousal of mind and body due to pressure

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eustress

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positive stress that can act as a motivator

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approach-approach conflict

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deciding what flavor of ice cream to order

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avoidance-avoidance conflict

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going to the doctor or going to the dentist

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Type B personality

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laid back and relaxed people

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approach-avoidance conflict

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going to a fabulous part or babysitting for a younger sibling to gain parental favor

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multiple approach avoidance

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deciding to buy an expensive, cool cell phone and not have any money or buy a cheaper cell and have money

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Senseless repetitive actions that help reduce anxiety are called:

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compulsions

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Which somatoform disorder has serious disabilities that may include paralysis, loss of vision,or loss of feeling?

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conversion

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Which type of schizophrenia has the person maintain a rigid pose for hours or days?

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catatonic

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Name the mood disorder where a person goes from feeling really down to feeling really up and nothing in between.

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bipolar

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Name the personality disorder where the person has no respect for the law or authority.

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anti-social

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Name the dissociative disorder where the person forgets their personal information and leaves their surroundings.

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fugue

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Name the anxiety disorder that has irrational fears towards objects or surroundings.

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phobia

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Name the type of schizophrenia where the person feels everyone is out to get them and the world is a bad place.

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paranoid

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Name the personality disorder where the person needs constant attention and compliments.

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narcissistic

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Name the anxiety disorder where the person has a constant sense of doom and fear without any specific reason for the fear.

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generalized anxiety

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A sudden unexpected and paralyzing attack of anxiety is called a ____.

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panic attack

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Believing that you have super powers is to delusions as hearing voices that only you hear is to: ____

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hallucination

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Schizophrenia and Parkinson's have been linked with alteration of this neurotransmitter.

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dopamine

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The pleasure principle is to the _____ as the reality principle is to the: ____

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id, ego

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Hans Selye called the body's response to stress:

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General Adaptation Syndrome

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You have a term paper to write and you feel nervous and uptight and you use these feeling to write one of the best term papers that you ever wrote. The type of stress that you were feeling is called:

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eustress

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The DSM-4TR is a widely used system for:

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classifying mental disorders

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When the therapist encouraged Herbie to talk about his problems at work, Herbie changed the subject and started telling jokes. To a psychoanalytic therapist, Herbie's behavior best illustrates:

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resistance

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Electroconvulsive therapy has been proven to be effective in the treatment of:

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major depression

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The type of conflict that is exemplified by deciding which homework to start first, from the two subjects that you don't like would be:

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avoidance-avoidance

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A negative symptom of schizophrenia is:

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lack of motivation

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One of the beliefs that kept the mentally ill out of society and the recipients of horrible treatments was:

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The belief that the mentally ill were possessed.

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Patterns of thoughts, behaviors and emotional reactions that significantly impair a person's functioning within their culture are called:

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abnormality

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The perspective that looks to irrational or maladaptive thought processes as the cause of diorders would be the:

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cognitive

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Herbie has been to six doctors and six doctors have told him that he does not have colon cancer. Herbie is sure that he does have it and he does not believe the doctors. He has told the doctors that they are not ordering the correct diagnostic tests for him. Herbie is showing signs of which disorder?

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hypochondrias

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Herbie has experienced a loss of interest in most of his favorite activities and he has lost his appetite and is unable to sleep. These symptoms have been going on for the past four weeks. A psychologist might suspect Herbie is suffering from?

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major depression

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Ida believes that she is being watched by the "greenies". They are out to get her because they know that she is part of a special undercover unit that is checking for infiltration of our government by bugging vegetables, especially peas. She is the only one that can confirm this special mission and she knows that people with green eyes are the "greenies", the enemy. Ida is displaying symptoms of which disorder?

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schizophrenia

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Herbie has gone to see a therapist. His therapist tells him that he is a medical doctor and that he can prescribe drugs and perform surgery if it is needed. The type of therapist that Heribe is seeing is a ____.

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psychiatrist

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The approach that would believe that the person is the best one to decide what is wrong with them and what would be the best way to resolve their problem would be the ____ approach.

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humanistic

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When a psychoanalytic therapist tells you what your dreams mean, he is giving you the ____ part of the dream.

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latent

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Choose one of the questions below to answer. Use complete sentences and label which question you are answering. 1.)The DSM-4TR is used universally in psychology. Discuss what it is and the benefits and liabilities of having this book. What is the purpose of the "4-TR"? OR You have been under a lot of stress lately. According to Hans Selye, explain how the GAS can be applied to your situation. Make sure you name the stages and explain their effect. What can be done to prevent serious consequences of the stress?

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You have been under a lot of stress lately. According to Hans Selye, explain how the GAS can be applied to your situation. Make sure you name the stages and explain their effect. What can be done to prevent serious consequences of the stress? The first stage of GAS is the alart reaction. It is an immediate reaction to the stressor and considers and stressors as threats. It causes hormones like adrenaline to be released which may allow the body to do physical activities you might not normally do. The second stage of GAS is the stage of resistance. The body is slowly starting to get use to the stressor and the body is starting to weaken. For example, if a person is depressed, their body will reduce the urge for physical activities in order to conserve energy. The body does not lose strengh though. The last stage is the stage of exhaustion. The body won't shut down but at this stage the body is so use to the stress that it has basically given up on fighting back and eventually stress takes over the body and you become too exhausted to fight back

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Psychology is defined as:

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study of behavior and mental processes

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Phineas Gage suffered a serious brain injury when a rod went through his brain. The importance of his injury to psychology was:

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The interest in the brain that his injuries caused

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Seeing school supplies in the stores and getting excited about the beginning of school is an example of which kind of learning?

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classical conditioning

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zygote is to conception as ____ is to birth

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fetus

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Agents in our environment that cause arousal of one's mind and body are called:_________

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stressors

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Which type of conflict would be illustrated by deciding to go to the dentist to get a cavity drilled that is causing you trouble or endure the terrible pain that it is causing and not being able to eat or drink anything.

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avoidance-avoidance

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structuralism is to ____ as psychoanalysis is to ____.

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introspection; free association

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the structure of the brain that enables us to speak is the?

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Broca's area

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Herbie was in a serious motorcycle accident and as a result he is having trouble walking and playing the piano. The part of the brain that he probably injured would be the

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cerebellum

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Skinner is to ____ conditioning as Watson is to ____ conditioning

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operant; classical

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The approach in psychology that looks for genetic and organic reasons to explain behavior is:

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Neurobiological

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The scanning device that can record the electrical activity of the brain and denote stages of sleep is the:

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EEG

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The chemicals that bridge the synaptic gap are referred to as:

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neurotransmitters

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The basic unit of the nervous system is the:

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neuron

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Alcohol does mental and physical harm to a prenatal child and therefore it is referred to as a:

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teratogen

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The process of changing physical stimulus to neural stimulus is called:

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transduction

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Your dog has learned to "dance" at your command for "dance" and then getting a treat. If your dog stops getting a treat for "dancing", what will happen?

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extinction

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Which of the following would not be a teratogen?

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steak

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Harry Harlow worked with baby monkeys and monkey mothers, baby monkeys and surrogate mothers. His research found that the most important thing to give a newborn for psychological health and well being is:

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contact comfort

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You are playing with your baby sister and you hide her favorite toy under a pillow and she crawls to the pillow and tries to get it. By doing this, according to Piaget, she has acquired:

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object permanance

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Herbie switches from feeling full of energy and capable of anything to feeling absolutely worthless and not wanting to life any longer. Herbie is probably suffering from

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bipolar disorder

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The type of disorder that is characterized by complaints of physical symptoms that have no organic cause are referred to as:

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somatoform disorders

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The drug that has shown to be effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder is:

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lithium

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Herbie was asked by his therapist to look at a set of inkblots and tell the therapist what he saw in them. The type of therapist that Herbie was seeing was a:

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Psychoanalytic

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The technique of severing the connections between the frontal lobe and the thalamus is called:

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lobotomy

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Herbie has learned that a ball of clay and that same ball of clay pulled out into a long rope are the same amount of clay and just the shape has been changed. According to Piaget, Herbie is in the ______ stage of development.

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concrete operational

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The type of test that you are taking now could be considered a _____ test.

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achievement

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The most frequent compulsion that is exhibited in obsessive-compulsive disorder is:

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hand washing

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The most important addition to psychology which allowed it to be considered a science was:

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scientific method

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According to Erik Erikson, the task of the adult is:

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generativity

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Herbie just took a cookie from the plate of cookies that his mother had baked. She told him to wait until they cooled but he couldn't. She was on the phone and did not see him taking the cookie so Herbie was not punished and he did not think that he did anything wrong. According to Kohlberg, Herbie is in the _______ level of moral development.

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pre-conventional

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Mary Cover-Jones turned around Watson's work with Baby Albert and helped a child get over his fears of rabbits. Her technique for helping Peter is called:

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systematic desensitization

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Alzheimer's disease is a serious disease that accounts for many elderly people losing their ability to function independently in society. Research has found that one of the predominant areas of the brain affected by Alzheimer's is the:

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hippocampus

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What a person comes to expect from a stimulus is called:

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set

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The reason that you will see a red white and blue flag, after staring at a yellow, green and black flag is explain by the _______ theory of color.

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opponent-process

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ROY G. BIV is an example of a memory help called a:

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mnemonic

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You are looking at the family albumn and see a picture of your sixth birthday party and you experience a bunch of memories about that party and the people that attended. You are experience which kind of memory?

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episodic

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Inability to feel pleasure, lack of motivation and a decrease in personal hygiene are symptoms of schizophrenia that are referred to as ______ symptoms.

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negative

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An irrational fear of spiders that brings about panic attacks when the word is even mentioned is called a

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phobia

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Dorthea Day was an activist in the United States that advocated for:

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better tretment for the mentally ill

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Herbie is a workaholic: sleeps little, works much and mulit-tasks whenever possible. According to stress research, Herbie would be classified as a(n)

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Type -A personality

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According to Sigmund Freud, the two unconscious sources of energy that supply fuel to the formation of personality are the:

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Eros and Thanatos

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Herbie did poorly on his psychology test. He explained his poor grade as the teacher giving poor tests on things that are not important. Herbie is using the defense mechanism of:

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rationalization

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Ida's mom took her to a psychologist becasue she is not eating. The psychologist set up a program of rewards for her to improve her eating habits and punishments for her neglectful eating habits. The type of psychologist tht she is seeing woudl be a:

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Behavioristic

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Minnie is in fourth grade and she is not very popular. She has a hard time with math and reading and is not very talented on the playground. According to Erikson, Minnie may fall into the danger of:

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inferiority

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The ability to expand short term memory by linking ideas and concepts together is called

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chunking

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The part of the brain that distinguishes the human qualities that we have over animals is the

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frontal lobe

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The sequence of the how something gets into memory is:

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sensory, short term, long term

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The most successful reinforcement schedule to use after an animal has learned a trick has been shown to be the:

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variable- ratio

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The first laboratory that was established to study behavior was set up by:

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Wilhelm Wundt

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Choose one of the questions below to answer. Use complete sentences and label which question you are answering. 1. The terms nature/nurture apply to many areas in psychology. Take development, intelligence, personality and mental illness and explain the nature and the nurture side to each area. What is the best solution to each area? or Set up and identify all parts of an experiment that want to investigae how listening to music affects studying for a test. Make sure that you identify the: experimental design ( how you would set it up), independent variable, dependent variable, control, sample and possible confounding variables.

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Set up and identify all parts of an experiment that want to investigae how listening to music affects studying for a test. Make sure that you identify the: experimental design ( how you would set it up), independent variable, dependent variable, control, sample and possible confounding variables. For the experiment, compost a list of 20 science questions for a group of students along with a study guide. Give the group of students 15 minutes to study with music off and then give them 20 minutes to take the test. Repeat the next day, this time with music. The independent variable would be whether or not music is played. The dependent variable are the test scores and the control is the music playlist. Possible confounding variables may include whether or not a student is able to do as well on a test as they would if it were not a test.

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