MUL 2010 : FINAL EXAM, the 20th Century – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
The Twentieth Century
answer
-pace of music change increases -diverse musical styles: -novel styles -experimentation w/ timbre, electronics -calling into question the nature of music itself -ragtime, jazz, blues -modernism -many audiences felt unsettled -audio technology: radio stations, 78 RPM records -sounds could be manipulated in studios -social diversity: music helps to bridge the divide between races, no segregation in dance halls, social melting pot-society as a mosaic of different cultures and traditions -globalization-the world becomes smaller music as a global phenomenon
question
Voiles
answer
-by Claude Debussy -Prelude for piano: Title comes at the end of the piece -means either "sails" or "veils" -impressionism; highlighted by painters; Monet & Renoir, sensations perceptions and light rather than direct representation -symbolist poets: Maillarme, Rimbaud, Verlaine -In Music: blurring of harmonies, rhythms, forms -Timbre: non percussive piano writing -based on experience w/ Javanese gamelan at 1889 Paris world's fair reflection of the increasing globalization of music -whispering dynamics -5 basic melodic fragments -difficult to find a fixed metrical pattern -unpredictable as a flowing veil or as a sail flapping in a light breeze -Harmony-the note Bb always present, based on a whole-tone scale, questioning tonality. Non directional form vaguely (ABA)
question
Claude DEBUSSY
answer
-wrote Voiles -studied piano & composition at the Paris conservatory -never had students or performed -a master of orchestration -Expanded the possibilities of form harmony, and timbre -widely imitated -Born just outside of Paris during U.S. Civil War; died jsut before end of WWI
question
The Unanswered Question
answer
-by Charles Ives -contrasting timbres:string instruments play throughout, solo trumpet plays "the unanswered question", wind quartet: 2 flutes, 2 clarinets respond to question w/ a different answer each time -layered textures--strings seem utterly oblivious to the trumpet; wind dialogue -conflicting harmonic languages -Tonal: having harmonic center of gravity, strings play tonal music; hymn like -Atonal: having no harmonic center of gravity, more dissonance, trumpet and winds not tonal -old vs. new
question
Charles IVES
answer
-grew up in Danbury, Connecticut. -father was bandmaster -wrote "The Unanswered Question" -exposed to many types of music -"day job" as insurance salesman; contributed to development of acturarial tables -composed in his spare time, gave it up in 1918 when his health declined -by time of his death, recognized as musical pioneer
question
Pierrot lunaire Columbine
answer
-by Arnold Schoenburg -A set of 21 songs for soprano and a small ensemble of instruments -not "beautiful"; anguished text gets anguished music -Expressionism: concern not w/ the representation of external objects, but w/ the expression of their inner moods & thoughts -Favor exaggeration & distortion -Sprechstimme-speech-like voice, syllabic like recitative, singer hits precise pitches but doesn't hold them -creates an eerie, dissociated sort of sound that fits w/ the text of Pierrot lunaire -Atonal Harmony -word music relationships: "Miraculous white roses" large leaps or descent to the lowest range of the singer's voice, or both -the music mimics petals dropping: flute and clarinet play a repeated 3-note figure
question
Sprechstimme
answer
speech-like voice, syllabic like recitative
question
Arnold SCHOENBURG
answer
-wrote Pierrot lunaire, Columbine -a tortured soul, never felt he fit in anywhere -believed he was extending the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms -Searched for a new system of organizing music--created the 12 tone method.--each row form has all 12 different notes, no single note has priority -emigrated to the U.S. -Appointed to faculty of California Universities -Possibly most influential composer....
question
The Rite of Spring, Pt. I
answer
-a ballet by Igor Stravinsky -Premier Paris, 1913 caused a riot -commissioned by Sergei Diaghilev for his ballets Russes -the story of a solemn pagan rite; young girl dances herself to death while sage elders look on -divide into 2 parts: The Adoration of Earth, The Sacrifice -polytonal harmonies--more than harmonies, sound dissonant -Pentatonic melodies (scales): sound like Russian Folk songs -rhythm irregular, off set by frequent ostinato figures -Timbre: a huge orchestra -The scenario-story presented through movement, represents pagan Russia, no real plot -through-composed: different music fo almost every scene w/ little reception between sections of the work
question
Igor Stravinsky
answer
-wrote the ballet, Rite of Spring -born in St. Petersburg, Russia. Father was a famou operatio bass -came to LA at beginning of WWI -constatnly reinvented himself: Neoclasscism (new classical music), Later 12-tone music -one of the century's two greatest composers (w/ Schoenburg) -connected w/ audiences
question
Maple Leaf Rag
answer
-published in 1899; a huge hit - by Scott Joplin -Ragtime(originated in midwest) -syncopation -Hemiola -sectional form -compound melodies
question
Ragtime
answer
-originated in Midwest -improved variations of popular music -associated w/ saloons, brothels, and illicit establishments -associated w/ African-American musical traditions -provided one of the foundations of jazz
question
syncopation
answer
-high notes fall between the counted beats
question
Hemiola
answer
two bars in triple meter articulated to sound as 3 bars in duple
question
Scott JOPLIN
answer
called the "king of Ragtime" -wrote Maple Leaf Rag -built a career in Sedalia, MO as a pianist at local social clubs -a business associate of John Stark, who published Maple Leaf Rag -Wanted to be respected as a classical composer -spent his last years in NYC composing and trying to get his opera, Tremonisha, staged.
question
Terraplane Blues
answer
-The Blues--derived from African American traditions, first person stories of hard knocks and love gone wrong -by Robert Johnson -"city blues" or "vaudeville blues" -earliest blues recordings -Female singers w/ small instrumental ensemble -"country blues", "delta blues" or "downhome blues" -solo male singer accompanying themselves on guitars -old sounding recording: hisses & white noise, poor quality -form AAB -vocal timbre--convey the song's emotional meaning even when the individual words are hard to understand -singing, speaking, falsetto, growling, and generic syllables -slide guitar -12-bar blues form, sometimes pattern is varied -Terraplane was an affordable car made by the Hudson Motor Company; car was also a metaphor for an unfaithful woman
question
12-bar blues form
answer
each line of text lasts about 3 measures and instruments fill in the 4th measure -first line of text -first line repeated w/ slight variation or commentary -second line of text: comments on first
question
Robert JOHNSON
answer
-wrote Terraplane Blues -supposedly traded w/ devil: his soul for the ability to play blues guitar -born in Hazlehurst, MS; traveled throughout Arkansas, MS, and TN -Don Law, a well-known producer, arranged recording sessions for him; only "Terraplane" was a hit.
question
Cotton Tail
answer
-by Duke Ellington -Big Band: trumpets, cornet, trombones, saxophones, clarinet, guitar, bass, and drums, w/ Duke Ellington leading from the piano -Jazz-evolved from ragtime, blues, and other styles -improvisation -rhythm changes--from Gershwin's "I Got Rhythm" -A circle of fifths progression -a bassline that steps down chromatically -a sequence -stacked chords -tight voicings -call & response(hallmark of jazz) between sections of the orchestra, shout chords (recognizable part of piece) -swinging -standard song form-32 bar chorus--AABA (8bars each) =
question
sequence
answer
a series of related melodic patterns starting on different pitches
question
swinging
answer
a type of rhythmic groove -shorter notes continually propel the music toward the longer ones -standard song form-32 bar chorus--AABA (8bars each)
question
Duke Ellington
answer
-Edward Kennedy 'Duke' Ellington -wrote Cotton tail -Born & Raised in Washington DC -Became bandleader at NYC's Cotton Club-an upscale nightclub in Harlem -wrote film scores, concertos, concert pieces, theater works -though to be the greatest American jazz composer
question
Ornithology
answer
-by Charlie Parker -Bebop -sectional form -combo: Charlie Parker (alto saxophone), Miles Davis (trumpet), Rhythm Section (bass, drums, piano) -timbre: head played alto sax & trumpet in unison w/ tenor sax doubling an octave lower -take turns introducing themselves w/ a short triplet motif; drums and bass supporting: features some extending notes, drums: from ride cymbal to high hat -Head: 3 melodic segments -coems from famous solo that Parker improvised on a recording called the "Jumpin' Blues" -solos-angular melodic lines; a squeezed, forced sound in a high register -prolonged dissonant notes
question
Bebop
answer
senous music for listening -dissonant, fast tempos, radical new harmonies, extremes -rhytmically and formally irregular; not danceable -"jazz combos" -emphasis on improvisation -Orinthology by Charlie Parker is an example
question
Charlie Parker
answer
-wrote Ornithology -raised in KC, MO -sat in w/ local bands and practiced obsessively -developed a style of virtuosic solo-ing -became a drug addict and could eventually no longer perform
question
Concertino for Harp & Orchestra, Finale
answer
-by Germaine Tailleferre -Neoclasscism -traditional melody -antecedent and consequent phrases -tonal center -the 2nd melody is less symmetrical, but still divides into distinct phrases -third melody is subject of a fugue -modern harmonies--more chormatic &dissonant Form: Rondo A B A' C A" B' A"' -transparent timbre: lightness and clarity, harp glissado, prominent trumpet, and flute, snare drum
question
Neoclassicism
answer
-synthesize old w/ the new. counter-reaction to modernism
question
Germaine Tailleferre
answer
-famous pianist -wrote concertino for harp & orchestra, finale -wrote operas, ballets, incidental music for plays, film scores, choral music songs, songs & music for solo piano -one of the six composers in France called "Les Six"
question
RODEO "Hoe-down"
answer
-by Aaron Copland -a ballet for Anges de Mille, famous dancer and choreographer -captures sound of American West -scenario: cowgirl wants to win the heart of head ranger. He is unimpressed. Finally notices her at the Saturday Night Dance(the hoe down) -contains two folk melodies: "Bonaparte's retreat" McLedd's reel" -dance rhythms-- hoe down: square dancing, energetic duple meter, some parts syncopated -rondo form -timbre: varied orchestration. -Large Orchestra w/ timpani, piano, xylophone, snare drum, bass drum, symbal, and wood block, -sometimes only a few instruments play. bright and transparent open scoring, sonic layers.
question
Aaron Copland
answer
-wrote Rodeo, Hoe-down -born in Brooklyn, NY -wanted to write uniquely "American Music" -trained in Europe under Nadia Boulanger - a populist at heart -also a lecturer and writer on music -was called before Congress in 1953 during the McCarthy hearings
question
Bela Bartok
answer
-composer, performer, scholar -wrote Concerto for Orchestra, Game of Pairs -emigrated from Hungary to the United States -edited collections of eastern European folk music for Columbia University in NYC -died from Leukemia less than a year after the premiere of Concerto for Orchestra.
question
Concerto for Orchestra: Game of Pairs
answer
-by Bela Bartok -commissioned by Serge Koussevitsky, conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra -All instruments have a chance to come to the force -Eastern European folk melodies & rhythms -"Game of Pairs"--features wind instruments, middle section highlights the brass instruments -playful, carefree -instruments in pairs -folk-inflected melodies--from his native Hungary, Eastern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, not conventionally tonal -asymmetircal-symmetrical ternary form
question
"Tonight" of West Side Story
answer
-by Leonard Bernstein -Modern retelling of Romeo and Juliet; feuding gangs Jets(whites) vs. Sharks(PuertoRicans), a jet falls in love with Maria whose brother Bernardo is leader of the sharks. -a musical--like a German Singspiel or English Operetto -premiered in Broadway, NYC in 1957 and was instant hit -Representative melodies -hate: fast paced melody over ostinato bass w/ syncopation -Love: soaring, lyrical melody -Additive form--music becomes much more layered, stage becomes more populated -Homophonic--trio, quintet -simultaneous monologues
question
Leonard Bernstein
answer
-Four lives in one: conductor->first American born musician to lead a major orchestra composer->wrote for the stage, the concert hall, film, and ballet -pianist->played w/ the Juiliard String Quartet and the Vienna Philharmonic -educator: televised "young People's concerts" -wrote Tonight of West Side Story
question
Indeterminancy
answer
-by John Cage -aleatonic music: chance music, John Cage reads text -90 brief stories -each story lasts one minute -David Tudor creates the musical accompaniment -the two cannot hear what the other is doing -three musical sound sources--pre-recorded tapes of excerpts from a different work by Cage, musical instruments: a piano and whistle, an amplified slinky--Musique Concrete
question
Musique Concrete
answer
-a form of electro acoustic music that utlizes other acoustic sounds as a compositional resource
question
Aleatoric music
answer
chance music
question
John Cage
answer
-Born in LA -wrote Indeterminancy -studied composition w/ Arnold Schoenberg# but composed in a radically modern manner -influenced by a Zen Buddhism -Listeners provoked to rethink the nature of music -prepared piano
question
Einstein on the Beach, "Knee Play 1"
answer
-Philip Glass -opening scene -layered timbres: electronic organ, a small chorus, 2 women speaking -simple harmony (I, IV, V) -variation form: ostinato bass, to create variety: altered rhythms, divided voices, added spoken voices
question
Einstein on the Beach
answer
-very little singing and no plot -recited text -series of recurring images: a train, trial, a spaceship in a field points playing the violin -worked w/ director and playwright Robert Wilson -Minimalism
question
Philip Glass
answer
-born & raised in Baltimore -wrote Einstein on the Beach -worked in Paris w/ Nadia Boulanger -traveled in Asia; studied w/ Ravi Shankar -established the Philip Glass ensemble -Mentioned in the Simpson and South Park
question
School Day
answer
-by Chuck Berry -Rock and Roll- a blend of jump blues, honky-tonk, and an edgy attitude -Elvis Presley, Little Richard, Buddy Holly, Fat Domino, Jerry Lee Lewis -Aimed at teenagers of the "baby boom" generations ----civil rights vs. Leave it to Beaver cold war and McCarthy--era communist st paranoia rock n' roll music offered escape -shuffle groove, 13 attacks mimic ringing of school bell, used carrier in rhythm and blues -drums and plays play Long-short similar to swing -stop time -shuffle rhythm comes to an abrupt halt 6 times -punctuates ends of sections of the songs -allows for vocal ana crusis -electric guitar, drums, bass, piano, and guitar -12 bar blues -strophic -6 verses then guitar solo
question
Chuck Berry
answer
-wrote School Day -grew up on St. Louis on blues, hillbilly & western swing tunes -got serious about music in 1950 -connected to youth culture -"Duck Walk" -ended up in prison.
question
Good Vibrations
answer
-The Beach boys -1966 -recorded during Pet sounds sessions -musical collage -breakthrough -huge success -The Beach Boys's first million selling song -grammy nominated
question
The Beach Boys
answer
-Good Vibrations -"America's band" -surf rock -'60s -Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -Hawthorne, CA
