Flashcards and Answers – Chapter 3 and 4
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Bartolomeu Dias
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Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)
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Prince Henry
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Portuguese prince who started a school for sailors and sponsored early voyages of exploration
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Vasco de Gama
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A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
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Dutch East India Company
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Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.
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Ming Dynasty
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the imperial dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644
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Hongwu
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First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry
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Yonglo
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The son of Hongwu and moved the Ming capital to Beijing. He built the imperial city, which became the Forbidden City. He was also a patron for oversea voyages and exploration.
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Zheng He
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An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422)
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Manchu
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the Tungusic language spoken by the Manchu people
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Qing Dynasty
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the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries
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Kangxi
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Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.
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Daimyo
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a japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai
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Oda Nobunaga
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japanese lord who seized the imperial capital kyoto in 1568 and sought to rule the empire by force
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Seppuku
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ritual suicide
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Toyotomi Hideyoshi
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The predecessor of Tokugawa; succeeded Nobunaga Oda and laid the foundations of the Tokugawa shogunate
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Tokugawa Ieyasu
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Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan
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Shogunate
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a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
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Haiku
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an epigrammatic Japanese verse form of three short lines
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Kabuki
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a type of Japanese drama in which music, dance and mime are used to present stories
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Christopher Columbus
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Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
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Colony
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a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland
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Hernando Cortes
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Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
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Conquistador
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an adventurer (especially one who led the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century)
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Francisco Pizzaro
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Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca's
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Atahualpa
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Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438)
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Mestizo
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a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry)
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Encomienda
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A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
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Atlantic slave trade
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the buying, transporting, and selling of africans for work in the americas
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Triangular trade
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A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa
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Middle Passage
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the middle portion of the triangular trade that brought African slaves to the Americas
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columbus exchange
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the exchange of plants, animals, culture, and diseases between Europe and the Americans from first contact throughout the era of exploration
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Capitalism
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an economic system based on private ownership of capital
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Joint-stock company
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A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.
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Mercantilism
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an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
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Favorable balance of trade
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an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad
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Main reason for European exploration
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Desire for new sources of wealth, trade of spices and luxury items from Asia; desire to spread Christianity; "God, glory and gold"
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Why did Henry found a navigation school?
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Responsible for much of Portugal's success of the seas. He built an observatory and a navigation school to teach sailors how to find their way on long ocean voyages and to help perfect their trade. This included mapmakers, instrumrnt makers and shipbuilders.
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Why did the Portuguese have to explore the coast of Africa so many times before finally sailing around the tip into the Indian Ocean?
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Dias and his crew reached the tip but a huge storm destroyed or damaged much of his fleet. After the storm the ships were blown to the other side of the tip, however the had little food and were exhausted so they had to return home.
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How did Columbus expect to get to Asia by sailing west?
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Columbus was totally conveinced that he could reach Asia by sailing west and was determined to find a new route.
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Why were Potuguese traders determined to prevent Muslim traders from continuing theri spice trade?
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Until now the Arabs had much control over the profitable business and Portugal was determined to prevent muslim trade and control the spice trade and profit from it and evetnually force the muslims to go and buy in Portugal.
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How was the Dutch East India Company able to drive out the English and the Portuguese?
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The Netherlands had become a leading sea power. Both England and the Dutch formed an East India Company however the Dutch company was richer and more powerful and therefore was able to drive England out and establish dominance.
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Hongwu brings stability and prosperity to China
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Used respect traditons and institutions and return to Confusious moral ways, and civil service merit based system.
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Hongwu's agricultural plan
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Improved irrigation, return to rice production and encourage fish farming and growing cotton and sugar cane.
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Zheung He Seven Expeditions
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Like huge floating cities the fleet sailed form pport to port and distributed gifts of gold and silk to show chinese superiority. This led to 16 countries contributing to the Ming court
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Why was only the government allowed to conduct foreign trade in Ming China?
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The chinese government felt as of too much money was spent on voyages that could be used to defend country. China went into isolation. This affected their trade policies. Chinese government did not want to trade with foreigners and support robbery.Taxes on trade and manufacturing skyrocketed in china.
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What did Manchus rulers do to gain respect of the Chinese people?
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Upheld China's tradtional Confucian beliefs and social structures.
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What restrictions did the Manchus place on froeign trade
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They demanded that Chinese rules would have to be followed to trade with china. This included trading only at special ports and paying tribute to the emperor with the kowtow ritual.
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Why did the Chinese accept the Dutch and reject the British as trading partners?
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Englane refused to kowtow and china felt it was self-suficient and did not need to trade with the British.
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Role of the family and women in MInd an Qing China
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Because farming and food production increased and nutrition improved, population exploded. Chinese families favored sons over daughters. Women were forced to remain secluded in homes. Femake babies werr often killed.
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Warring States
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a period during the 2nd part of the Zhou dynasty, when many of Chinas various states were continually at war with one another, a long period of instability in China, a violent era of disorder.
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Japan returns to Isolationism
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Culture was very structured, emperor had top rule, Confucian values were taught. Agriculture was more important that manufacturing.
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Contact between Europe and Japan
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Portugese sailors washed ashore in Japan which opened the door for merchants. Japan was eager to pruchase and expand their markets. They first purchased weapons for Portugal. Firearms forever changed traditon. The sword was always the principal weapon.
