Art Test 3 Answers – Flashcards
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Giotto
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Known for reinventing Nautalism. Displays emotions well, but figures still looked stiff and stage-like. Pioneered showing christian Subjects in Human Terms.
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Masaccio
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Did "Holy Trinity" in Essay 2.
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Donnatello
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Did "David 1." First freestanding nude sculpture since Greek and Roman times. Based off "David and Goliath". Made from Bronze. Fashioned after a shepherd with a wreath on it's head.
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Leonardo Da Vinci
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Did "The Last Supper 1." It is constantly flaking off from experimental glaze. very geometric with a one-point perspective. Christ is a triangular shape, diciples in groups of three with their hands as directional forces leading to Christ. He loved to hids things in his paintings, like "Mary Magdaline" or the chalice triangle.
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Michaelangelo - "David 2"
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Did the sculpture only because the Pope wanted him to. In a contrapasto posture from Greeks, showing a readiness for conflict. More humanized. More boastful.
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Michaelangelo - "Sistine Chapel"
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Took 4 years to make laying on his back. It is Fresco. He believed humans were God-like and unique. Presented God as connecting more to humans.
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Raphael - "Madonna del Prato"
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More traditional paintings. Has a triangular shape in the figures.
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Raphael - "School of Athens"
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1 of 4 paintings in room. Added michaelangelo after seeing the Cistine chappel ceiling.
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Tintoretto
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Did "The Last Supper 2". Different perspective than first one. Bad perspective and depth because of scale. High contrast of light and dark, and vivid colors.
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Caravaggio
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Did "Conversion of Paul". Extreme contrast of ligh and dark. Shows motion well via angles. In same place as "Peter's Crusifiction". Peter was Paul's mentor and Peter appears to be looking at paul in painting.
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Bernini
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Did "David 3". Differed by showing intent motion and emotion. Life-sized helps views become more engaged in action.
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Gauguin
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Did "Vision After Sermon". Did blood red grass , getting into the psychodelic stages. Pure color is pure tone. Is about dude wresteling an angel. Colors are like music
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Degas
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He was an Impressionist. Inspired by photography and Japenese prints to have tripped-up ground planes and bold asymmetry, cutting different compositions.
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Corbet
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Did "The Stone Breakers". Painted outside the relm of what had been painted before. Extreeme *Realism* (Art depicting ordinary existance, with no Exoticism or Nostalgia), or real life. It was rejected at the time.
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Seurat
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Did "Assymbly on la grande Jatte". Entire painting made up of little dots of base colors, allowing your mind to mix the colors, called *Pointalism* (Red dot + Yellow dot = Orange dot).
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Van Eyck
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Did "Giovanni Afnolfini and His Bride". Broungh linseed oil into pigment and popularized oil paint. Unmatched Realism.
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Thomas Cole
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Started Hudson River School. "The Oxbow" inspired by "Hunters in the snow". He inspired American landscape painting for several generations.
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Mesopotamia
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Means "land between two rivers". Is between Tirgis and Euphrates. modern day Iraq. Civilizations arose in southern part called Suumer.
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Neolithic Period
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Peroid following the Paolithic period. People started to stay in one place more and starte gradening, farming, and hearding. This is the Agricultural Revolution that allowed people to survive easier. Art showed shift in living patterns, from conveying stories through naturalism to decoration through abstracted images. Stone Henge from this period.
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Sumerian acheivements
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Developed first wheel, writing called Cuniform, and the plow.
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Greek Philosophy
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Regarded huumans as highest creation of nature, or closest thing to perfection in human form given the power to reason. Emphasised the importance of individuals.
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Archaic stage
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Emphasised sculptors more than painters. Had first freestanding and naked sculptures that were somewhat naturalistic. Used *Koros*, a type of ridgid statue position with one foot forward. Adapted the egyptian pose for royalty to ordany people.
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Classical stage
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Showed the ideal man in the sculptures. started using caste bronze, highlighted by copper nipples to show color. Used *Stance Contrapasto*, or counterpoised, in statues. Increasingly naturalistic. Later part turned to sensual versions of sculpture.
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Hellenistic stage
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Had more action, *Heirarchic Scale*, and multipul people in the sculptures. Michaelangelo looked at scuplture from this period to inspire him on "Cistine Chappel". Characterized by emotion, drama, and interaction of sculptural forms with the surrounding space.
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Parthanon
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*Archiecture* -Built with post and beam style surrounded by Doric columns. Interior had 40ft statue of Athena. Proportions are 4:9 throughout. None of major lines are straight, but are bulged above the center giving the illusion of straight (*Entasis*). corner columns are bigger. Axis lines at top of columns are tilted inward. *Function/Purpose* - Built on the Acropolis, a large rock outcroping above the city. Is the largest of several sacred building built around it. Built as a gift to Athena, goddess of wisdom and warfare. It is a temple to worship Athena. Rites preformes on altars in front of eastern entrance. Constructed so rising sun woud shine in through hole on Athena's birthday. Parthanon exibits refined clarity, harmony, and vigor at basis of Greek tradition.
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Panthenon
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*Archiecture* - In the middle of Rome. Used concrete combined with semicircle arches and vaults. Interior is basically a cylinder with domed cap. has columned porch called a *portico*. Has large *Oculus* in roof that is open fro ventalation and light. Designed to hold lots of people. Supporting walls are 20 ft thick. Floor is slanted to prevent water from pooling. Interioir *coffers* (squares on dome) were originally covered in gold to symbolize the dome of heaven. *Function/Purpose* - Originally as a temple for the gods. Changed gods statues to christian later.
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Roman Philosophy
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Architecture was the greatest artistic movement. Were very Materialistic, like we are today. Were very practical, less idealistic than Greeks. admired and stole Greek works. Has effecteed the U.S. (Callendar, materialism, laws, etc.).
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Roman acheivements
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Greatest acheivements were civil enginering, town planning, and architecture. Created beautiful utilitarian and religious structures. Gave us the semicircle Arch. colluseum is great example, having lots of arches and all three columns.
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Byzantium
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Started by fall of Rome b/c Constantine moved capitol to Constantinople and divied the kingdom. Turning from materialism to spiritual self. Constatine Statue had big eyes to represent the idea that the soul is in the eye. Began Christian church architecture. Lots of Mosiacs, round arches, and large domes. Heirarchic scale used a lot. Icon Paintings used.
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Icon Painting
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ALways had golden halo. More mystical feel. Features like nose enlongated and boneless fingers ment to not represent real humans. Purpose to remind us to worship.
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Middle/Dark Ages
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Dark period of about 1000 years. Loss of literacy for common folk. Often metal items of dragons and beasts called *Animalistic style*. Held ont osome Roman architecture like archand vaults, but altered to what is Gothic style
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Gothic Cathedrals
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All about light reaching upwards. Cathedrals were Massive, had Buttresses, had ribbed vaults, and could be seen from far away. Had Early and Late Gothic styles. Stain glassed windows
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Early Gothic
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More simple, pointed, smooth design
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Late Gothic
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Expanded on Early Gothic, adding gargoyles, more elaborate points.
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Three major cities in Italy in Renaissance
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*1.* Rome *2.* Florence *3.* Venice
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Three major Artists of Renaissance
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*1.* Leonardo Da Vinci *2.* Michaelangelo *3.* Raphael
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Romanticism
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A response to the structured Neoclassical with raw emotion. Inspired by emotion and imagination. imagination more important than reason, nature less corrupt than civilization, and humans are essentially good. Celebrated nature, rural life, and commom people.
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Baroque Art characteristics
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Art was often heavy and dark. Lots of styles, energy, emotion, light and dark contrast, scale, balance. Dramatis light and shade, turbulant compostion, and pronounced emotional expression.
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Rococo painting characteristics
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Very light and fluffy period. characterized by playful, pretty, romantic, and visually loose of soft. It used ornate decoration, pastel colors, asymetrical arrangment of curves.
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Naturalism
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A style in which the curves and contours of a subject are accurately portrayed.
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Contrapposto
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A statue pose during the Classical Greek period that bears most weight on one leg. Shoulders are usually tilted and the hips and knees are bent. gives life-like qualities to figures. figures end up is alost "S" shape.
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Column orders
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Doric - Simplistic Ionic - Scroll on top Corinthian - Longest name, most elaborate Frieze - Decorative border above beam Architrave - main beam resting on column Capital - elaborate part of column Shaft - main post of column
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Hierarchic scale
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Use of unnatural proportions or scale to show the relative importance of figures (larger size = greater importance).
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Laocoon Group
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A Roman copy of a hellenistic group. Based off greek myth. Change from classical evident in writhing movemen, tortued facial expressions, and strained muscles expressing emotional and physical anguish. Influenced Michaelangelo.
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Mannerism
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Its first widespread use was pejorative, implying an over-elaborate distortion, an imbalance, and neurosis.
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Sfumato
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Italian for "smoky"; a smokey blurring of edges without line or borders. Used in "Mona Lisa."
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Ziggurat
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Giant platforms used to worship the gods in Sumer. Symbolized a meeting of the heavens and the earth. They were at center of each city-state. Is what the Tower of Babel was. Had different platforms and levels for different levels of priests.
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Hudson River School
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A group of painters that painted in the same design; American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes. Founded by Thomas Cole.
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Impressionism
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Painting is about light and color, changing the way we see color. It is about what the mind sees rather than what the mind knows. This influenced science to loo at how one object can be different colors depending on the lighting. Monet coined and claimed the term "impressionism".
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Revolutions leading to the modern world
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*1.* French Revoultion *2.* American Revolution *3.* Industrial Revolution
