CHD Ch.11 – Flashcard
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in which gender does a growth spurt occur two years earlier
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girls at age 9
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growth norms
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age-related averages for height and weight -must be applied cautiously, especially in countries with high immigration rates and many ethnic minorities
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what accounts for vast differences in physical size around the world?
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heredity and environment -evolutionary adaptions to particular climates -developed countries
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secular trends in physical growth
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changes in body size from one generation to the next -occurred in industrialized nations -appear early in life -increases over childhood and early adolescence -declines as mature body size is reached
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what is largely responsible for secular trends in physical growth?
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improved health and nutrition
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why is care of teeth essential in early school years
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because it affects the child's appearance, speech, and ability to eat properly
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what percent of US school age children have at least some tooth decay
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50% -with low SES 30% go untreated
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effects of untreated tooth decay
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-experience pain -embarrassment at damaged teeth -distraction from play and learning -school absences due to dental related illnesses
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malocclusion
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a condition in which the upper and lower teeth do not meet properly -occurs in one third of school age children
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causes of malocclusion
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-thumb and finger sucking after permanent teeth -crowding of permanent teeth
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what continues to be a powerful predictor of poor health in middle childhood
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poverty because -they often lack health insurance -poor standard of care -no access to doctor -lack of basic necessities
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between what ages do the percentage of children who eat meals with their families decline
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between 9 and 14
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what does eating a meal with parents lead to
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it leads to higher amounts of fruits and vegetables and lower amounts of fried foods and soft drinks
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does insufficient diet lead to poorer mental performance
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yes
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what is strongly linked in a child's nutrition in middle childhood
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food familiarity and food preference
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malnutrition in middle childhood
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-it has retarded physical growth -low IQ -poor motor coordination -inattention -alters the production of neurotransmitters in the brain so that it disrupts psychological functioning
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obesity
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a greater-than-20-percent increase over healthy weight, based on body mass index (BMI)- a ratio of weight to height associated with body fat -a BMI above the 85th percentile for a child's age and sex is considered overweight, a BMI above the 95th percentile is obese
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where is obesity most common?
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western and developing countries
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what percent of US children are overweight and obese?
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-32% overweight -17% obese
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what does being overweight rise with?
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rises with age -70% of affected teenagers become overweight adults
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what are obese children at risk for?
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-serious emotional and social difficulties -high blood pressure -high cholesterol levels -respiratory abnormalities -insulin resistance -may cause heart disease, circulatory difficulties, type 2 diabetes, gallbladder disease, sleep and digestive disorders, cancer, early death
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factors associated with childhood obesity
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-heredity: most likely to have one obese parent and identical twins are more susceptible -socioeconomic status: more common in low SES -early growth pattern: infants who gain weigh rapidly are at greater risk, parents promote unhealthy eating -family eating habits: parents purchase high fat food, use food as reward, overfeed -responsiveness to food cues: choose to eat due to external cues not due to hunger -physical activity: less physically attractive -television viewing: more susceptible if watch a lot of TV -early malnutrition
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consequences of obesity
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-physical attractiveness is powerful predictor of social acceptance -obese children are stereotyped as lazy, sloppy, dirty, ugly, stupid, deceitful and are often unlikable -have emotional, social, school difficulties -low self esteem, peer teasing, depression, suicidal thoughts -sometimes defiance and aggression -early sexual activities for girls -reduced life chances -mistreatment
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treating obesity
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-difficult to treat bc its a family disorder -most over weight parents deny that their child is overweight and say that they will lost weight on their own -some slim in adolescents but by crash diets which harm them then they return to being over weight -most effective intervention is family based and focus on changing behaviors -provide rewards such as activities for exercising -treatments focusing on diet and lifestyle are effective
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how much of a child's daily energy is consumed at school?
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one-third
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how can school help child obesity?
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serving healthier meals and ensuring regular physical activity
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examples of US legislation to reduce obesity
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-weight related school screenings for all children -improved nutrition standards and limited vending machine access in schools -additional recess time in elementary grades -physical education time in all grades -obesity awareness and weight reduction programs as part of school curricula -menu nutrition labeling in chain and fast food restaurants
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First Lady Michelle Obama's campaign
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Let's Move aimed to create partnerships among fed and state governments, communities, businesses, schools, and health organizations to solve childhood obesity
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why does the US have an obesity epidemic
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-availability of cheap commercial fat and sugar (high fructose corn syrup and palm oil) -portion super sizing -increasingly busy lives -declining rates of physical activity
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myopia
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nearsightedness -most common problem -affects 25% of children and 60% have it by early adulthood
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what plays a role in myopia
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-heredity: identical twins more likely, if one myopic parent twice the risk, two myopic parents then five times the risk -occurs the higher the SES because of increase in activities such as reading, computer, TV
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otitis media
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middle ear infection -common in infancy and early childhood, becomes less frequent -as many as 20% of low SES children develop hearing loss from repeated infections
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nocturnal enuresis
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bedwetting during the night -10% of US school age children suffer -biological roots -has psychological effects if untreated
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what is bedwetting most common cause
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failure of muscular responses that inhibit urination or by a hormonal imbalance that permits too much urine to accumulate during the night
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treatment of nocturnal enuresis
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-antidepressant drugs which reduce the amount of urine produced, temporary and have side effects -most effective is urine alarm that wakes the child at the first sign of dampness and words according to conditioning principles
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about how many days do children miss of school due to illness?
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11 days but most absences can be traced to a few students with chronic health problems
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what percent of US children living at home have chronic diseases and conditions (including physical disabilities)
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15 to 20%
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what is the most common account for about one-third of childhood chronic illness and the most frequent cause of school absence and childhood hospitalization?
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asthma
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what contributes to asthma
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heredity contributes but researchers believe that environmental factors are necessary to spark the illness
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are highly active, impulsive boys or girls more typically more susceptible to unintentional injury
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boys are, they may have all of the safety knowledge, but they just don't apply it
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why is the school age period especially important for fostering healthy lifestyles
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-child's growing independence -increasing cognitive capacities -rapidly developing self concept -a sense of physical well being
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reasons for gap between knowledge and practice of health in children
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-seldom an important goal bc they feel good most of the time -more concerned about schoolwork, friends and play -they do not have perspective to think about present and future so they can't see the later health consequences -health info given to children are often contradicted buy other sources like TV
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strategies for fostering healthy lifestyles in school age children
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-increase health related knowledge and encourage healthy behaviors -involve parents in supporting health education -provide healthy environment in schools -make voluntary screening for risk factors available as part of health education -promote pleasurable physical activity -teach children to be critical of media advertising -work for safer, healthier community environments for children
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what are the gains four basic motor capacities that are diverse skills?
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-flexibility -balance -agility -force
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changes in gross-motor skills during middle childhood
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-running -other gait variations (i.e. skipping) -vertical jumping -standing broad jump -precision jumping and hopping -throwing -catching -kicking -batting -dribbling
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ways in which children improve fine motor skills
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-printing the alphabet/legibility -organization, detail, representation of depth in drawings
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sex differences in motor skills
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-girls have an edge in fine motor skills of handwriting and drawing, and in gross motor capacities that depend on balance and agility like hopping or skipping -boys outperform girls on all other skills
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children and games with rules
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-become common -games like soccer, baseball, basketball but also tag, jacks, hopscotch -gains in perspective taking; ability to understand the roles of several players in the game -contribute to emotional and social development -permit children to try out different styles of cooperating, competing, winning and losing with little personal risk -discovery why rules are necessary
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how many US children participate in organized sports outside of school
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about half -50% boys -37% girls
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what is associated with joining community athletic teams
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increased self esteem and social skills -fosters self confidence in shy children -decline is social anxiety -provides a group belongining -a basis for communicating with peers
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arguments of critics of young youth sports
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-overemphasize competition -substitute adult control for children's natural experimentation with rules and strategies -sometimes coaches and parents criticize rather than encourage can prompt intense anxiety in some children
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is criticism of young youth sports valid?
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yes it is valid
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do coaches or parents influence children's athletic attitudes and abilities more?
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parents
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rough-and-tumble play
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friendly chasing and play-fighting -i.e. wrestle, roll, hit, run -emerges in preschool and escalates in middle childhood
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what does children's rough and tumble play resemble?
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it resembles the social behavior or many other young mammals -usually engage with peers they like especially well -more common in males
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dominance hierarchy
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stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises -forms with the help of rough and tumble play -children seem to use play-fighting as safe context to assess the strength of a peer before challenging a peer's dominance
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when does rough and tumble play decline
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in adolescence when puberty hits
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have US elementary schools added or cut back recess time?
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cut back despite their health, sense of self-worth as a physically active and capable being and cognitive and social skills
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what percent of elementary and middle schools provide PE at least 3 times a week? high school?
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15% and 3% for HS
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what should PE programs emphasize?
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enjoyable, informal games and individual exercise (walking, running, jumping, tumbling, climbing)
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benefits of active adolescents/adults
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-greater physical strength -resistance to illness (cold, flu, cancer, diabetes, heart disease) -enhanced psychological well being -longer life
