question

Instrumental traits...

answer

describe people who act on the world

question

During the __________years, children's knowledge of gender stereotypes expands to include personality traits.

answer

elementary-school

question

By the middle elementary-school years, children know more gender stereotypes, but they also see stereotypes as...

answer

more flexible and not binding

question

Compared with girls, boys tend to...

answer

be stronger and more active

question

In the intellectual domain...

answer

boys may excel on spatial tasks because they are more likely than girls to participate in activities that foster spatial skill

question

In mathematics...

answer

girls do as well as boys in cultures where males and females have comparable access to educartion

question

Which of the following is an accurate description of sex differences in aggression? a. parents are more likely to punish sons than daughters for being physically aggressive b. boys rely exclusively on physical aggression, not relational aggression c. androgen probably contributes to boys' aggression by making them quicker to anger

answer

C.

question

In the domains of personality and social behavior, girls are...

answer

more sensitive emotionally

question

Boys and girls differ in their average score in several domains...

answer

but the distribution of scores for boys and girls overlap considerably

question

Research on the impact of parents on children's learning of gender shows that...

answer

parents with traditional views of gender tend to have children with traditional gender-related interests, attitudes, and self-concept

question

Children's play is usually segregated by sex because...

answer

children like to play with children who are like themselves

question

According to cognitive theories of gender identity...

answer

children begin learning about gender roles after they master gender constancy

question

Which of the following is an accurate description of biological influences on gender roles? a. girls exposed to large amounts of testosterone during prenatal development prefer feminine activities b. according to evolutionary developmental psychology, different traits and behaviors evolved for males and females c. twin studies show that fraternal and identical twins are similar in their preference for sex-typical toys and activities

answer

B.

question

Which child is likely to have the lowest self-esteem? a. an androgynous girl b. a masculine-stereotyped boy c. a feminine-stereotyped girl

answer

C.

question

Interventions designed to influence children's thinking about gender stereotypes show that...

answer

children exposed to gender-neutral parenting have as many same-sex as other-sex friends

question

Cross-cultural studies of gender stereotypes show that...

answer

compared with people from many other countries, Americans have more extreme gender stereotypes

question

True/False: During the elementary school years, children understand that gender roles are not binding

answer

True

question

Studies of gender differences in intellectual ability show that females have greater verbal ability. gender differences in math that once favored males are now negligible, and...

answer

Males have greater spatial skill

question

When a 12-month-old with a mark on her face looks into a mirror, she'll probably...

answer

touch the mark in the mirror

question

Growing self-awareness between the ages of 18 and 24 months is demonstrated by the fact that at this age children...

answer

refer to themselves by name

question

______________ define themselves in terms of their physical characteristics, possessions, and preferences.

answer

Preschool children

question

In the ____________ status, individuals have not explored alternatives but have an identity determined largely by adults.

answer

foreclosure

question

During adolescence, parent-child relationships...

answer

become more egalitarian

question

Which of the following is not a domain of self-esteem during the elementary-school years? a. scholastic competence b. close friendships c. physical appearance

answer

b.

question

Self-esteem is greatest during....

answer

the preschool years

question

Children tend to have greater self-esteem when...

answer

their parents are affectionate and involved with them

question

Children with low self-esteem...

answer

are more likely to be involved in antisocial behavior

question

Young children's descriptions of others are unusual in emphasizing...

answer

positive traits over negative traits

question

What is typically true of children who are more skilled in taking the perspective of others???

answer

They tend to be older

question

Children's prejudice...

answer

seems to be a by-product of children's efforts to determine the features in an environment that distinguish different groups

question

Research on explicit and implicit biases shows that...

answer

explicit bias declines during childhood and adolescence but implicit bias does not

question

Contact between diverse groups of children can reduce prejudice when...

answer

the contact involves the groups working in pursuit of mutual goals

question

Self awareness emerges at about 18 months. We know this from children's behavior on mirror tasks, children's use of pronouns, and...

answer

the fact that they point to pictures of themselves

question

When 8-year-olds describe themselves, they often mention emotions, ______________, and their standing relative to peers.

answer

the social groups to which they belong

question

By their first birthday, most children...

answer

are aware that others impose demands on them

question

Preschoolers who show the greatest self-control...

answer

have better self-esteem as adults

question

Children have better self-control when parents...

answer

are warm and establish limits

question

Children who are in Piaget's stage of moral realism typically believe that...

answer

breaking a rule leads directly to punishment

question

A child who judges whether an act is good in terms of what is expected by other people is reasoning at which of Kohlberg's levels?

answer

conventional level

question

Which of the following statements about Kohlberg's work is incorrect? a. older children typically reason at more advanced levels b. individuals who reason at more advanced levels are more likely to help others in need c. most children and adolescents around the world progress through the six-stage sequence

answer

?

question

At Happy Hollow Elementary School, the principle decided that children with cell phones had to leave them in their desk during the school day. This rule applies to which domain? a. moral reasoning b. social conventions c. the personal domain

answer

b

question

Which of the following statements about moral reasoning is correct? a. children do not change their own moral reasoning when exposed to more advanced moral reasoning b. In China and the US, children tell lies to protect their friends, even if it hurts their group c. Children's' emotional responses to events help them to create categories of morally-relevant concepts

answer

C

question

Which child would be most likely to help another child? a. a child who relies on rewards and punishments to help others b. a child with low levels of empathy c. a child skilled in perspective-taking

answer

c.

question

Prosocial behavior is most likely when children...

answer

feel competent to help

question

Parents can foster their children's prosocial behavior by...

answer

helping others themselves

question

In _____________, aggression, children use aggressive behavior to achieve a specific goal, such as getting to go down a playground slide before others.

answer

instrumental

question

When parents___________, their children are more likely to behave aggressively.

answer

use physical punishment often

question

Which of the following is a correct statement concerning the influence of community and culture on children's aggressive behavior? a. poverty is unrelated to aggressive behavior b. when children watch much violent TV, they're less aggressive and have more empathy for targets of violence c. School failure may breed aggressive behavior, which, in turn, leads to school behavior

answer

c

question

Children who are chronic victims of bullies...

answer

are better able to deal with bullying if they have friends

question

The ______________ refers to social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development.

answer

exosystem

question

_______________ parenting combines a fair degree of parental control with warmth.

answer

authoritative

question

Children of authoritarian parents...

answer

are often unhappy

question

In_________, parents inadvertently reinforce the behaviors that they hope to discourage.

answer

a negative reinforcement trap

question

Which statement is an accurate description of the influences on children of the marital system? a. children suffer whenever they experience conflict between their parents b. most parents are skilled at preventing work-related stress from affecting their children c. parenting is more effective when parents work together to achieve shared goals for their children

answer

Parenting is more effective when parents work together to achieve shared goals for their children

question

As children get older, their parents...

answer

are more reserved when they express affection

question

When parents divorce...

answer

children benefit from joint custody if parents get along

question

In blended families, stepfathers...

answer

should be interested in their new stepchildren but not step on established relationships

question

Supportive grandparents...

answer

are involved with their grandchildren but do not take on parental roles

question

Children whose parents are gay or lesbian...

answer

benefit from warn and caring relationships with their parents

question

Which of the following statements about adoption is correct? a. adopted children are at greater risk for problems when adopted at an older age b. quality of life after adoption affects as adopted child's development but quality of life before adoption does not c. most adopted children develop experience developmental problems

answer

a

question

Siblings get along best when they're...

answer

both adolescents

question

______________ is the most common form of child maltreatment.

answer

neglect

question

parents who abuse their children....

answer

are often socially isolated

question

Children are more likely to be targets of abuse when they are...

answer

infants and preschoolers rather than school-age children

question

True/False: Physically aggressive boys are rejected by their peers but relationally aggressive girls are accepted but their peers

answer

False! Both groups of aggressive children are rejected by their peers

question

Which child would be most likely to help a person in need? Jack, who does not feel responsible for the person in need. Or Marc, who believes that he lacks the skills necessary to help.

answer

Neither is likely to help. For children to help, they must feel responsible and feel they have the skills needed

question

According to Kohlberg, adolescents and many adults are at the ___________ level of moral reasoning.

answer

conventional

question

By age _________ children are aware that others impose demands on them (even though they have not yet internalized controls for dealing with those demands)

answer

1 year

question

Divorce influences children because it usually means less access to one parent, single-parent families often experience economic hardship, and...

answer

conflict between parents is extremely distressing for children and adolescents

question

In general, what parenting style seems to be best for children?

answer

The authoritative style, which combines warmth with control

question

Grandmothers influence their grandchildren directly (as role models, as a source of emotional support, and by taking on parental tasks) and indirectly via...

answer

their influence on the child's parents (e.g., whether the grandparents' presence supports the child's parents or is a source of conflict)

question

Which pair of siblings will probably get along the best? A. Jack (8) and Jill (6) B. Tom (12) and Max (5) C. Erica (15) and Lucy (13)

answer

Erica and Lucy, because (a) they're the same sex and (b) the younger child in an adolescent

question

The three broad causes of maltreatment include culture and community, parents, and....

answer

children themselves; sometimes children behave in ways that inadvertently put them at risk for abuse

question

In ______________, which emerges at about two years of age, children organize their play abound a distinct theme and take on special roles based on the theme.

answer

cooperative

question

______________ play allows children to explore topics that frighten them.

answer

Make-believe

question

A new feature of friendships in adolescence is...

answer

intimacy

question

Which of the following is an incorrect statement concerning romantic relationships? A. Romantic relationships build on friendships B. Hispanic American and Asian American adolescents often date at older ages C. Adolescents in romantic relationships typically have lower self-esteem and lack self confidence

answer

C.

question

Peer pressure...

answer

is especially powerful when teens are younger and the peers have high status

question

Children who are rejected...

answer

are sometimes overly aggressive but other rejected children are shy and withdrawn

question

When children watch much TV...

answer

they are sometimes found to be less creative

question

Select the correct statement concerning the impact of TV programs on children. A. children can learn aggressive behavior from TV programs but not prosocial behavior B. Preschool children understand that the goal of commercials is to persuade viewers C. Programs like Sesame Street can teach children important academic skills

answer

C.

question

When personal computers are used in schools to aid instruction, students...

answer

can use simulation programs for experimental learning

question

When children play video games...

answer

a small percentage becomes addicted to game playing

question

Research on the impact of day care on children shows that...

answer

the quality of care is the most important factor: Better care is associated with better outcomes

question

Participating in after-school activities is...

answer

?

question

Part-time employment...

answer

can cause adolescents to be less successful in school and become depressed

question

Poverty-stricken neighborhoods...

answer

often cause adults to experience more stress, leading to less effective parenting

question

Which of the following teachers is likely to be most effective? A. one who spends much time disciplining students, thereby creating a quiet classroom B. one who understands that some students will not learn regardless of the type of instruction C. one who teaches student techniques for monitoring their low learning

answer

C.

question

Evidence for growing self-awareness between the ages of 18 and 24 months includes the fact that children of this age...

answer

sometimes know their own age and gender

question

Rina's self-concept includes mention of emotions, social groups to which she belongs, and comparisons of herself to others. How old is Rina?

answer

8 years old

question

Although 15-year-old Vince hasn't thought about it much, he has decided to become a priest when he grows up because that's what his mother wants. Vince is in the __________ phase of achieving identity.

answer

foreclosure

question

An individual's self-esteem...

answer

becomes more differentiated with age

question

Young children's descriptions of other people tend to focus on...

answer

concrete traits

question

Children with more advanced perspective-taking skills...

answer

are typically well-liked by their peers

question

At about _________ year(s), children first become aware that people impose demands on them and that they are not entirely free to behave as they wish.

answer

1

question

A child who judges whether an act is good in terms of the consequences of reward and punishment is reasoning at which of Kohlberg's levels?

answer

preconventional level

question

Critics of Kohlberg's theory have noted that not all cultures have the same emphasis on __________ that is found in traditional American culture and in Kohlberg's theory.

answer

individual rights and justice

question

Which child would be most likely to engage in prosocial behavior? a. a child with high levels of perspective-taking b. a child who uses rewards and punishments as the basis for moral judgments c. a child who has low levels of empathy d. a child with high levels of egocentrism

answer

a

question

Which of the following statements about prosocial behavior is incorrect? a. children are more likely to help when they feel another person's emotions b. children are more likely to help when they practice helping at home and elsewhere c. children are more likely to help when parents behave prosocially themselves d. children are more likely to help when they base moral decisions on their own needs

answer

d.

question

Which of the following is NOT a way in which the family impacts aggressive behavior? a. when parents monitor their children's behavior, this is associated with more frequent aggression b. when parents constantly argue and fight, their children are more likely to be aggressive c. when parents are unresponsive and emotionally uninvested, their children are more likely to be aggressive d. when parents use physical punishment or threats to discipline their children, their children are more likely to be aggressive

answer

a

question

According to Crick and Dodge's information-processing model of aggressive behavior?

answer

Aggressive children are less likely to attend to information that signals non-hostile motives

question

More flexible views of gender stereotypes are associated with...

answer

older rather than younger children

question

Boy typically...

answer

are more active than girls

question

Which of the following best reflects gender differences in verbal ability? a. only 10 percent of the published studies on gender differences found that females had greater verbal ability b. girls tend to be better readers than boys, but boys are better writers c. boys have more language-related problems than girls d. the quality of speech production is lower in girls than in boys

answer

c.

question

Greater aggression in males...

answer

is found in many nonhuman species

question

Parents typically...

answer

treat sons and daughters similarly except in areas related to gender roles

question

Preschool children prefer to play with same-gender peers...

answer

spontaneously, without adult pressure

question

Elizabeth is high on both instrumental and expressive traits. She...

answer

is androgynous

question

Most theorists view families from a contextual perspective that views...

answer

the family as a system of interacting elements, with parents and children influencing each other

question

Miguel's parents have an authoritative parenting style. You would expect Miguel to...

answer

be self-reliant

question

A child argues and whines when his asks him to clean his room and then she cleans his room herself so that he will stop whining. This is an example of...

answer

a negative reinforcement trap

question

Research on the impact of divorce on children suggests that...

answer

children whose parents divorce fare more poorly than children from intact homes in school achievement.

question

Children of lesbian mothers...

answer

resemble children of heterosexual parents in many domains.

question

Sibling relationships are more likely to be harmonious when siblings...

answer

are of the same sex

question

Parents who abuse their children...

answer

often use ineffective parenting techniques

question

parallel play involves...

answer

playing alone but maintaining interest in what other children are doing

question

Which of the following is the most important component of friendship for young children? a. loyalty b. intimacy c. trust d. common interest

answer

d

question

Peer rejection is more common when parents...

answer

have ineffective social skills

question

Compared to infrequent viewers, preschoolers who watch Sesame Street regularly...

answer

have higher grades in high school

question

Which of the following is true of children using computers and cell phones for social networking? a. online social connections usually come at the expense of "real" connections b. online communication seems to promote aggressive behavior c. online communication seems to promote self-disclosure, which produces high-quality friendships d. girls benefit from online communication more than boys because self-disclosure is easier for them online rather than face to face

answer

c.

question

Which of the following statements concerning the effects of day care on children is true? a. day care is associated with an increased risk of insecure attachment, even with high quality friendships b. children who have poor quality day care are more likely to have behavior problems c. children in day care, regardless of the quality, are likely to be less ready ready for school d. children in high quality day care tend to lag in their linguistic and cognitive development

answer

b.

question

When adolescents are employed over 15 hours per week during the school year, they...

answer

are more likely to experience anxiety and depression

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