Sociology 1101-Ch. 1 – Flashcards
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the study of human society
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sociology
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the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual's life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces
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sociological imagination
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a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time; also defined as any institution that works to shape the behavior of groups of people in it
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social institution
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Auguste Comte
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who created the rudimentary idea of sociology?
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social physics or positivism
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what did Comte call his ideas?
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Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto
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1848
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--german for "understanding" --concept comes from Max Weber --basis of interpretive sociology in which researchers imagine themselves experiencing the life positions of the social actors they want to understand rather than treating those people as objects to be examined
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Verstehen
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a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable
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anomie
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believes the social world can be described and predicted by certain describable relationships (akin to a social physics)
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positivist sociology
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a concept developed by W.E.B. Du Bois to describe the two behavioral scripts --one for moving through the world and the other for incorporating the external opinions of prejudiced onlookers
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double consciousness
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the theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important or necessary function to keep society running
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functionalism
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the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic animating force of social change and society in general
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conflict theory
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a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions
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symbolic interactionism
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a condition characterized by a questioning notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative within pastiche and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations
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postmodernism
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-an entity that exists bc people behave as if it exists -existence is perpetrated as people and social institutions act in accordance with the widely accepted rules or norms of behavior associated with that entity
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social construction
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attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function
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Midrange theory
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-seeks to understand local interactional contexts -methods of choice are ethnographic (including participant observation and in depth interviews)
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microsociology
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generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis--across the breadth of society
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macrosociology
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Bill Chambliss
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who conducted the study "The Saints and the Roughnecks"
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**Both groups were equally delinquent --saints had more access to making their crimes invisible --police were less likely to disrupt saints bc of their family --saints had more "cultural capital"
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what were the major findings of "The Saints and the Roughnecks" study?
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how they were treated by authority figures
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what was the main difference between the saints and the roughnecks?
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field observation, interviews, archives, surveys
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what are some examples of systematic observation?
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unified explanation of multiple facts --much more established than a hypothesis
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theory
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universalism, communalism, disinterestedness, organized skepticism
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what are the 4 values guiding scientific activity?
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rejection of the idea of a single, shared understanding of history and society
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what is the central message of postmodernism?
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midrange theory
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Robert Merton called for a style of sociology that avoids extremes: focuses on institutions, not tiny groups, not whole societies. What is this called?
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cultural and physical
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which are the names of the two primary branches of anthropology
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almost twice as much
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about how much higher is the annual income of a college grad vs. a high school graduate
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theological, metaphysical, scientific
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what are the three stages of society's development, according to Comte, in chronological order
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-human behavior and personality are shaped by social and physical environments -society is conceptualized as a generalized other -the self emerges from the process of interacting with other selves
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what are three key tenets of the Chicago School of American sociology?
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an ongoing narrative that links the past present and future
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what is the ultimate basis for a social institutions continued existence over time?
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Sociologists study their own culture and anthropologists study other cultures
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what is the difference between sociology and anthropology?
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-society vs. nature -technology began to enslave people
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what did karl marx believe the struggle of class vs class in society was preceded by
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-positivist: goal is to reveal social facts that affect/govern social life -interpretive: concerned with the meaning of social phenomena to individuals
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what is the difference between positivist and interpretive sociology?
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develop of secular morality
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according to Comte, what is the job of the sociologist?
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Durkheim and Parsons
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what two american sociologists are associated with functionalism?
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level of analysis
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what is the big difference between macro and micro soc?
