Us 2 Test Ch 16-19 Flashcard
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At the end of the nineteenth century, the Brooklyn Bridge stood as a symbol of
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the ascendancy of urban America.
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Significant urban growth in the late nineteenth century meant that by 1900, more than one million people were living in
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New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia.
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The astonishing growth in urban population between 1870 and 1900 was largely the product of
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the movement of people into cities from other areas of the country and from abroad.
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The world economy at the turn of the twentieth century can best be described as
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an industrial core, an agricultural domain, and a third world tied to the industrial core by economic colonialism.
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In the 1870s, U.S. industrialists hired cheap labor from around the world because
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railroad expansion and low steamship fares enabled immigrants to flock to America.
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By 1900, the majority of immigrants to the United States
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lived in cities because jobs were available there and because they did not have the money to buy land.
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Technological advances and mechanization allowed U.S. industrialists to
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replace skilled laborers with lower-paid unskilled laborers from southern and eastern Europe.
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Racism in late-nineteenth-century America was most evident in
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violence toward blacks and the economic scapegoating of Asians on the West Coast.
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Southern blacks migrated to northern cities in the 1890s
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for economic opportunities and safety.
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Congress approved a literacy test for immigrants in 1896
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as a means of limiting the influx of "backward" people into the country.
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The transportation innovation that first allowed late-nineteenth-century cities to expand to the suburbs was
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horsecar
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In his best-selling How the Other Half Lives (1890), Jacob Riis
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forced middle-class Americans to acknowledge the degraded reality of the poor.
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The backbone of the American labor force throughout the nineteenth century was
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common laborers
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The U.S. garment industry began to change in the 1850s as
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independent tailors were replaced by sweatshop workers.
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Leading up to World War I, the percentage of children under fifteen engaged in paid labor
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increased decade by decade.
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In the late nineteenth century, married black women often supplemented their family income by working
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outside the home as domestics.
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The advent of the adding machine, typewriter, and cash register had the greatest impact on
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literate white women.
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By the end of the nineteenth century, most white native-born women who worked held jobs
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in offices
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The opening of department stores in the late nineteenth century went hand in hand with
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a new consumer culture and the material promise of the times.
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The main lesson workers learned from the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was that
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they had little power individually, but could perhaps gain power if they joined a union.
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The Knights of Labor
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was the first large-scale organization for American workers.
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During the 1880s, the Knights of Labor advocated for
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public ownership of the railroads, an income tax, equal pay for women, and the abolition of child labor.
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Samuel Gompers, the founder of the American Federation of Labor,
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focused on higher pay and better working conditions.
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The Haymarket affair of 1886
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began as a rally of laborers organized by radicals.
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One outcome of the Haymarket affair was
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that many skilled workers turned from the radicals to the American Federation of Labor.
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By 1870, the live-in servant in the North
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was enabling middle-class white women to explore opportunities outside the home.
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Working-class courtship rituals in urban, industrial America
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shifted from family-arranged arrangements to informal meetings at the dance halls and other commercial retreats.
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Beginning in the 1870s, American men of all classes were united in their passion for
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baseball
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In the late 1800s, Coney Island symbolized the
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rise of mass entertainment in America.
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The modern skyscraper emerged in the 1890s primarily as a consequence of the
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advent of structural steel.
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New York City's Central Park was planned as
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a retreat from the bustle of the city.
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Two key elements of the public school system in American cities were
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free tuition and open access to all children.
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By the end of the nineteenth century, American libraries
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made up the most extensive free public-library system in the world.
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In the post-Civil War era, the city boss
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oversaw the building of the city and provided social services for new residents
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By the turn of the twentieth century, most big-city governments were run
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more by compromise and the accommodation of powerful political forces than by boss rule.
