question

Piaget believed that infants and toddlers

answer

"think" with their eyes, ears, and hands

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The circular reaction initially centers on

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the infant's own body

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In Piaget's theory, 8- to 12-month-olds can use __________ to solve simple problems.

answer

goal-directed behavior

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Follow-up research on cognitive development indicates that __________ is present as early as 6 weeks.

answer

deferred imitation

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Professor Rellinger believes that babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems. Professor Rellinger's beliefs are consistent with the __________ perspective.

answer

core knowledge

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_________ controls attention, suppresses impulses, coordinates information in working memory, and flexibly directs and monitors thought and behavior.

answer

Executive function

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With the transition to toddlerhood, attraction to __________ declines and __________ improves.

answer

novelty; sustained attention

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Research on infantile amnesia suggests that adults typically cannot remember events that happened during the first few years of life because

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adults cannot translate early preverbal memories into language.

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__________ helps infants reduce the enormous amount of new information they encounter every day so they can learn and remember

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categorization

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Korean toddlers often develop object-sorting skills later than their English-speaking counterparts because

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the Korean language often omits object names from sentences.

question

Research demonstrates that early make-believe play is

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the combined result of children's readiness to engage in it and social experiences that promote it.

question

Research using the HOME checklist reveals that the extent to which parents __________ is especially important in facilitating toddlers' intelligence test performance.

answer

talk to their infants and toddlers

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Research consistently shows that infants and young children exposed to __________ child care score lower on measures of __________ skills.

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poor-quality; social and cognitive

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In contrast to the United States, most European countries

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nationally regulate child care to ensure its quality.

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Research showed that by age 3, children in Early Head Start

answer

demonstrated gains in cognitive and language development.

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Chomsky's "LAD" is a(n)

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innate system that enables children to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion as soon as they pick up enough words.

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Social-interactionsts emphasize that

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children's social skills and language experiences are centrally involved in language development.

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Baby Greer says "babababababa." This is an example of

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babbling

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Sixteen-month-old Grayson calls all dogs "dog," but only uses the word "puppy" to refer to his family's dog. This is an example of

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underextension

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Miranda says "more apple." This two-word utterance is an example of

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telegraphic speech

question

Why does the university have an Early Childhood Learning Center?

answer

For college students to learn appropriate ways to work with young children

question

The children who attend the Early Childhood Learning Center (ECLC) range in ages 3 to 5 years-old. According to Piaget, this age child is in what stage of development?

answer

Pre-operational

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Throughout the United States there are many preschools. Why is the ECLC unique?

answer

Christ centered, with a focus on teaching children faith

question

The perspective that child must construct their own knowledge is

answer

Piaget

question

Which one of the following is NOT a learning outcome for students doing this field experience?

answer

Getting extra help from "free" students to run the daycare.

question

According to Erikson, a healthy outcome during infancy depends on the

answer

quality of caregiving.

question

According to Erikson's theory, a mistrustful baby

answer

protects herself by withdrawing from people and things around her.

question

By age 4, intelligence tests are good predictors of later IQ and academic achievement.

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false

question

Preschoolers who develop well intellectually have homes rich in educational toys and books.

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true

question

Both preschool and high-quality child-care programs have planned educational experiences aimed at enhancing the development of 2- to 5-year-olds.

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false

question

In academic preschools, teachers provide activities from which children select, and most of the day is devoted to play.

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false

question

Although Montessori children outperform controls on tests of early literacy and math skills, they tend to be aggressive and socially awkward.

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false

question

One weakness of Project Head Start is that parents are rarely involved in program planning or policy councils.

answer

true

question

Head Start and similar interventions are highly cost-effective when compared with the cost of providing special education, treating criminal behavior and delinquency, and supporting unemployed adults.

answer

true

question

Good child care enhances cognitive, language, and social development, especially for low-SES children.

answer

true

question

About 90 percent of U.S. children live in homes with one or more computers, 80 percent of which have an Internet connection.

answer

true

question

Heavy viewing of educational television detracts from children's school success and social experiences.

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false

question

X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children's

answer

skeletal age

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With the transition to early childhood, many children

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become unpredictable, picky eaters.

question

_________ are the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations.

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Unintentional injuries

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About 30 percent of U.S. preschoolers

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lack essential immunizations.

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Perhaps the most complex self-help skill of early childhood is

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shoe tying

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Most 3- and 4-year-olds can

answer

use lines to represent the boundaries of objects.

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Researchers today believe that make-believe play

answer

not only reflects but also contributes to children's cognitive and social skills.

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Over spring vacation, Gerald goes to Disney World with his family. When he returns to school, Gerald excitedly tells his teacher about the trip. Gerald's representation of this personally meaningful, one-time event is known as

answer

an autobiographical memory.

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Metacognition involves

answer

thinking about thought.

question

Children who spontaneously use, or who are trained to use, mental-state words in conversation are especially likely to pass __________ tasks.

answer

false-belief

question

Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children's thinking is characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.

answer

centration

question

The most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is its

answer

irreversibility

question

According to Piaget, the most obvious change as children move from the sensorimotor to the preoperational stage is an increase in

answer

representational, or symbolic, activity.

question

The years from 2 to 6 are often called "the __________ years."

answer

play

question

Piaget acknowledged that __________ is our most flexible means of mental representation.

answer

language

question

Using __________, children in a Piagetian classroom are encouraged to spontaneously interact with the environment.

answer

discovery learning

question

A central component of Montessori education is

answer

child-chosen activities.

question

Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences are called

answer

emergent literacy.

question

Three-year-old J.T. understands that 3 is more than 2, and 2 is more than 1. J.T. has a grasp of

answer

ordinality

question

Which of the following statements is supported by research on child care?

answer

Good child care enhances cognitive, language, and social development.

question

Dominant cerebral hemisphere

answer

the greater capacity of one side of the brain to carry out motor skills

question

cerebellum

answer

responsible for maintaining balance and control of body

question

reticular formation

answer

a structure in the brainstem that maintains alertness and consciousness

question

hippocampus

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an inner brain structure that plays a vital role in memory and of images in space that help us find our way

question

corpus callosum

answer

a large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

question

pituitary gland

answer

promotes the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development and for GH to have its impact on full body growth

question

Growth Hormone

answer

necessary for the development of all body tissues except the CNS

question

Parents who use this child-rearing style are low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control, and low in autonomy granting.

answer

Authoritarian

question

This child-rearing style combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to autonomy granting.

answer

uninvolved

question

At its extreme, this type of parenting is a form of child maltreatment called neglect.

answer

uninvolved

question

This child-rearing style is warm and accepting, but parents are either overindulging or inattentive.

answer

permissive

question

The most successful approach to child rearing, this style involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting.

answer

Authoratative

question

Children who experience this type of child rearing are anxious, unhappy, low in self-esteem and self-reliance, and tend to react with hostility when frustrated.

answer

Authoratarian

question

Children of these parents are often overly demanding and dependent on adults, impulsive, disobedient, and rebellious.

answer

permissive

question

Research shows that this child-rearing style promotes maturity in children of diverse temperaments.

answer

Authoratative

question

Although some parents believe in this approach, many others simply lack the confidence in their ability to influence their child's behavior.

answer

permissive

question

These parents engage in both unwarranted direct control and psychological control, in which they intrude on and manipulate children's verbal expression, individuality, and attachments to parents.

answer

Authoratarian

question

By age 2, children correctly judge the causes of many basic emotions

answer

false

question

Preschoolers' explanations of emotion tend to emphasize external factors over internal states.

answer

true

question

Preschoolers have difficulty interpreting situations that offer conflicting cues about how a person is feeling.

answer

true

question

Make-believe play contributes to emotional understanding, especially when children play with siblings.

answer

true

question

Not until age 5 can most children verbalize strategies for adjusting their emotional arousal to a more comfortable level.

answer

false

question

Preschoolers who experience emotion intensely tend to be skilled at inhibiting feelings and shifting their attention away from disturbing events.

answer

false

question

Preschoolers' vivid imaginations and incomplete grasp of the distinction between appearance and reality make fears common in early childhood.

answer

true

question

When parents repeatedly comment on the worth of the child and her performance, children experience self-conscious emotions intensely.

answer

true

question

For most young children, empathizing with an upset adult or peer escalates into personal distress.

answer

false

question

Punitive parenting disrupts empathy at an early age.

answer

true

question

Linguistic intelligence

answer

journalist, poet

question

Logico-mathematical intelligence

answer

mathematician

question

Musical intelligence

answer

instrumentalist, composer

question

Spatial intelligence

answer

sculptor, interior designer

question

Naturalist intelligence

answer

park ranger, biologist

question

Interpersonal intelligence

answer

therapist, salesperson

question

Intrapersonal intelligence

answer

person with detailed, accurate self knowledge

question

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

answer

dancer, athlete

question

After age 8, girls __________ than boys

answer

begin accumulating fat at a faster rate

question

Research on nutrition indicates that

answer

malnutrition that persists from infancy or early childhood into the school years usually leads to permanent physical and mental damage.

question

The most common vision problem in middle childhood is

answer

myopia

question

Obese children tend to

answer

be less responsive than normal-weight children to internal hunger cues.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on unintentional injuries in middle childhood

answer

Use of protective helmets leads to a 25 percent reduction in risk of head injury.

question

Ten-year-old Nadia enjoys making up games and playing them with her friends. Playing these child-invented games probably allows Nadia to

answer

try out different styles of cooperating and competing with little personal risk.

question

One valid criticism of youth sports is that

answer

they overemphasize competition and substitute adult control for children's natural experimentation with rules and strategies.

question

Which of the following statements about children's rough-and-tumble play is true?

answer

It helps children form a dominance hierarchy.

question

According to Piaget, thought in middle childhood is far more __________ than in early childhood.

answer

logical

question

During a conservation-of-water experiment, Emme can focus on several aspects of the problem and relate them, rather than centering on just one aspect. Therefore, Emme is capable of

answer

decentration

question

Jamal is able to think through a series of steps and then mentally return to the starting point. Therefore, Jamal is capable of

answer

reversibility

question

The very experience of __________ seems to promote mastery of Piagetian tasks.

answer

going to school

question

Children with persistent learning difficulties in reading and math are often deficient in

answer

working-memory capacity

question

Throughout elementary and secondary school, __________ predicts academic success.

answer

self-regulation

question

Howard Gardner believes that

answer

each intelligence has a unique biological basis and a distinct course of development.

question

Research shows that __________ predicts school performance at least as well as, and sometimes better than, IQ does.

answer

self-discipline

question

Research on educational philosophies indicates that

answer

constructivist classrooms are associated with gains in critical thinking and greater social and moral maturity.

question

Which of the following statements about cooperative learning is true?

answer

When more expert students cooperate with less expert students, both benefit in achievement and self-esteem.

question

Which of the following statements about inclusion is true?

answer

Children with special needs often do best when they receive instruction in a resource room for part of the day and in the regular classroom for the remainder.

question

Rochelle is taking a test in which she is asked to come up with as many different ways as possible to make use of a straw. This is most likely a test of

answer

divergent thinking

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