question

In middle childhood, what is attributed to stiffness and aches in the legs that are common as muscles adapt to an enlarging skeleton?

answer

growing pains

question

_____________ that persists from infancy or early childhood into the school years will usually lead to permanent physical and mental damage.

answer

Malnutrition

question

What are the predictors of heart disease, circulatory difficulties, type 2 diabetes, gall bladder disease, sleep and digestive disorders, many forms of cancer and early death that present themselves during the early school years of obese children?

answer

High blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol levels, respiratory abnormalities, and insulin resistance.

question

How does a reduction in sleep increase the likely hood of obesity in children?

answer

Increases the time available for eating, disrupts the brain's regulation of hunger and metabolism, and lack of physical activity.

question

What are some of the factors responsible for obesity in low SES in industrialized nations?

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Lack of knowledge about healthy diet; a tendency to buy high-fat, low cost foods; and family stress.

question

What accounts for only a tendency to gain weight?

answer

Heredity

question

What are some instances where parental feeding practices play a role in obesity?

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Overfeeding to sooth discomfort as a desire for food, restricting when, where, and how much a child eats, and over concern about weight gain, and reinforcement of behaviors with sugary foods.

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How does television affect the rise in childhood obesity?

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Causes less physical activity, and encourages intake of fattening & unhealthy snacks.

question

What are the main causes attributed to childhood obesity?

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Parental feeding practices, reduction in sleep, many hours spent watching television, and the broader food environment.

question

How is social acceptance viewed as a consequence of obesity in children and adults in Western societies?

answer

Stereotyped as being less likable, lazy, sloppy, ugly, stupid, self-doubting, and deceitful.

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What are the affects of social acceptance on the obese child?

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Often socially isolated, more emotional, social, and school difficulties and display more behavior problems than normal weight age mates.

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Defiance, aggression, and severe depression.

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What are some serious disorders attributed to persistent obesity from childhood into adolescence?

question

Higher exposure to sick children, and a still developing immune system.

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Why do children experience a higher rate of illness during the first two years of elementary school than later periods?

question

Asthma

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What is the childhood illness accounting for 1/3 of chronic illnesses, and the most frequent cause of school absence and hospitalization.

question

Common chronic childhood illness where highly sensitive bronchial tubes in response to a variety of stimuli, such as cold weather, infection, exercise, allergies, and emotional stress, fill with mucus and contract, leading to coughing, wheezing, and serious breathing difficulties.

answer

asthma

question

perhaps due to high levels of blood-circulating inflammatory substances associated with body fat.

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How is childhood obesity related to asthma in middle school?

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mid-block dart-outs, bicycle accidents from disobeying traffic signals and rules.

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What is most often attributed to pedestrian injuries in middle childhood stemming from the many stimuli impinging on them at once, causing a failure to think before they act?

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Flexibility, balance, agility, and force.

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What diverse skills reflect gains in gross-motor skills in school age children?

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Writing and drawing

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What skills reflect fine motor skill development in school age children?

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Fine-motor skills include handwriting and drawing and gross-motor capacities include balance and agility, such as hopping and skipping.

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What gross motor skills appearing in middle childhood are more pronounced in girls?

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Skill in flexibility and force, like throwing and kicking are advanced as well as steady gains in reaction time, and in athletics.

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What gross motor skills appearing in middle childhood are more pronounced in boys?

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Gains in _________ taking-in particular, the ability to understand the roles of several players in a game-permit this transition to rule-oriented games. These play experiences, in turn, contribute greatly to ____________________________ development.

answer

perspective, emotional and social

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parental expectations, self-perceptions, and coaching, media messages.

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How do attitudes in sex differences and expectations in the social environment of the school aged child affect the child's self-confidence and behavior?

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games with rules, rough and tumble play, video games, adult organized sports, and physical education become more common.

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How does physical play develop in the school age child?

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___________ emerges in the preschool years and peaks in middle childhood, and children in many cultures engage in it with peers whom they like especially well.

answer

Rough and tumble play

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The child learns a sense of self worth, and the cognitive and social skills necessary for getting along with others.

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How do physical activities contribute to children's development-health?

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puberty

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Rough and tumble play declines during this time, when individual differences in strength become apparent and dominance hierarchies are challenged.

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The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets.

answer

Concrete Operational Stage

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Conservation (evidence of mental actions that obey logical rules) Classification (class inclusion problem) Seriation (ability to put items in order) Spacial reasoning (representation of large scale spaces, landmarks)

answer

Four achievements of Piaget's concrete operational stage in middle childhood.

question

Children think in an organized, logical fashion only when dealing with concrete information they can perceive directly. Mental operations work poorly with abstract ideas - one not apparent in the real world.

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An important limitation of concrete operational thought is?

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Sub-category of conservation in Piaget's concrete operational theory that shows not only capability of mental actions that obey logical rules, but the added ability to focus on several aspects of a problem and relate them rather than just centering on just one.

answer

decentration

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Indicates the awareness of classification hierarchies and can focus on relations between a general category and two specific categories at the same time- that is, on three relations at once. (Collections--stamps, coins, baseball cards, rocks, and bottle caps--become common in middle childhood.) (sub-category of classification)

answer

class inclusion problem

question

decentration, reversibility.

answer

Conservation

question

class inclusion problem

answer

Classification

question

transitive inference

answer

Seriation

question

directions, maps.

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Spatial Reasoning

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Organized route of travel. (between 8 to 10 yrs. old)

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When maps become better organized, showing the middle school child is capable of showing landmarks along an?

question

overall view of a large-scale space

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At the end of middle school, children are able to form ____________, and readily draw and read maps even when the orientation of the map and the space it represents do not match.

question

continuum of acquisition

answer

The _____________ (or gradual mastery) of logical concepts is another indication of the limitations of concrete operational thinking. Rather than coming up with general logical principles that they apply to all relevant situations, school-age children seem to work out the logic of each problem separately.

question

1. Operations work best with concrete information, mental operations work poorly with abstract ideas - ones not apparent in the real world. 2. Continuum of acquisition, or gradual mastery of logical concepts is a problem - rather than coming up with general logical principles that they apply to all relevant situations, instead work out the logic of each problem separately.

answer

What are the limitations of Concrete Operational Thought

question

1. culture and schooling affect task performance 2. schooling gives experience on tasks 3. relevant non-school experiences of some cultures can help

answer

What are factors that affect the outcome of mastery in Piaget's Concrete Operational thought?

question

~working memory- if not using, free up space for new info. ~central conceptual structures - networks of concepts ~advances in cognition of the child develops Essentially, the child has gains in information processing speed rather than a sudden shift to a new stage.

answer

Information-Processing view of Piaget's concrete operational thought:

question

During the school years, children apply logical schemes to many more tasks. In the process, their thought seems to undergo qualitative change---toward a comprehensive grasp of the underlying principles of logical thought.

answer

Evaluation of the concrete operational stage

question

Attention and memory, which underlie every act of cognition, are central concerns in middle childhood, just as they were during infancy and the preschool years. Advances in metacognition and opportunities for self-regulation aid development.

answer

Information Processing

question

1. increases in information-processing speed and capacity 2. gains in inhibition

answer

Researchers of information processing believe that brain development contributes to the following basic changes in information processing that facilitate diverse aspects of thinking:

Ch. 9 Physical & Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood, Notes – Flashcards

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