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psychology

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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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behavior

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any action or reaction of a living organism that can be observed

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mental processes

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unobservable qualities such as dreams, thoughts, and feelings

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4 goals of psychology

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To describe behavior, to explain why a behavior/mental process occurred, to predict/anticipate behavior/mental processes, to apply your psychological knowledge to attain your desired goals and prevent unwanted behaviors

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Socrates and Plato

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believed the mind is separate from the body and that knowledge is innate

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Aristotle

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said knowledge is not innate, but instead grows from experience

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Rene Descartes

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agreed with Socrates and Plato about the existence of innate ideas and minds being "entirely distinct from body"; dissected animals and concluded that the fluid in the brain's cavities contained "animal spirits" (first to think of the idea of nerve paths enabling movement)

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Francis Bacon

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a British scientist whose experiments focused on experiment, experience, and common sense

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John Locke

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argued that the mind at birth is a blank slate on which experience writes; ideas helped form modern empiricism

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empiricism

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the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

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Wilhelm Wundt

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a German scientist who established the first psychological research lab in Germany, and was the first person to call himself a psychologist. He conducted experiments on elements of consciousness, such as sensation and perception; he pioneered introspection

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Structuralism

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an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

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Edward Tichener

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established the first psychological lab in the U.S.; trained his students to use introspection to identify structures of conscious experiments

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because different people reported different things about themselves

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Why did structuralism prove to be unreliable?

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Functionalism

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a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function and how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

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William James

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led the functionalist school of psychology which emphasized the function of behavior and human experiences

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rejected

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Functionalists __________ introspection as a method of gathering information

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Psychoanalysis

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founded by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud; focuses on the unconscious mind and the conflict between accepted norms and our unconscious sexual and aggressive desires

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Sigmund Freud

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believed that dreams, slips of the tongue, and memory blocks provide glimpses into the unconscious mind; also believed in free associations

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Gestalt Psychology

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born out of Germany, this focused on how our brain processes things in entirety as opposed to in pieces

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nature-nurture issue

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the longstanding controversy over the relative contribution that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

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Charles Darwin

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argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies

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natural selection

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the principle that traits contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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levels of analysis

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the differing complementary views, from biological and psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

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biopsychosocial approach

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an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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biological influences

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natural selection of adaptive traits, genetic predispositions to environment, brain mechanisms, and hormonal influences

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psychological influences

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learned fears/expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing, and perceptual interpretations

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social-cultural influences

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presence of others; cultural, societal, and family expectations; peer and other group influences; compelling models (media)

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biological perspective

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concerned with links between physiological bases (biology) and behavior; concerns the nervous system, the brain, and the endocrine system

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evolutionary perspective

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uses Darwin's principles of evolution to try to explain psychological processes and phenomena; believe natural selection plays a key role in psychological processes

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psychodynamic perspective

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studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior; modern psychodynamics still places an emphasis on unconscious mental processes, but sexual drives are not as prominent

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psychotherapy

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focuses on repressed memories and free association; also concerned with dream interpretation and transference

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transference

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a projection of feelings about one thing onto something else

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behavioral perspective

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study observable behavior and its explanation; emphasizes observable behaviors that can be objectively measured

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learned, controlled

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Behaviorists believe that human behavior is ________ and so it can be _________.

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Ivan Pavlov

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a Russian physiologist who conducted a series of behavioral experiments, demonstrating that much behavior in animals is learned, not instinctive

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John B. Watson

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applied Pavlov's work to human beings and believed humans could be socialized in any direction through learning

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B.F. Skinner

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an American psychologist who became a leading advocate of behavioralism; used reinforcement to modify an individual's behaviors

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humanistic perspective

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studies behavior/mental processes in relation to a person's potential for growth and personal fulfillment; emphasizes free will and choice

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Carl Rogers

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an American psychologist who believed every person has the ability to reach their full potential

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Abraham Maslow

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a key leader in the development of humanistic psychology

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social-cultural perspective

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the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

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basic research

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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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developmental psychology

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study physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan ("womb to tomb")

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cognitive psychology

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experiment with how we perceive, think, and solve problems

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educational psychology

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study how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

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personality psychology

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investigate an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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social psychology

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study how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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applied research

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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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industrial-organizational psychology

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applies psychological concepts to the workplace to optimize human behavior

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human factors psychology

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explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

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counseling psychology

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assist people with problems in living (school, work, marriage) to achieve greater well-being

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clinical psychology

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studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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psychiatry

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a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

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D

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Modern psychologists would more likely agree with which of the following? A) Plato's belief that the source of knowledge is innate B) Socrates' perspective that knowledge is preexisting C) the Hebrew scholar's idea that the heart is a source of thinking D) Aristotle's view that knowledge derives from experiences stored in memory E) the idea that science should rely on principles derived from rational logic rather than data

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experimentation and the tabula rasa

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Francis Bacon and John Locke helped form modern science by stressing the importance of

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inconsistent

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One important criticism of introspection is that reported findings are often

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philosophy and biology

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Psychology initially developed from the fields of

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a methodology that emphasizes explanation and evaluation

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The scientific aspect of psychology is most concerned with

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innate tendencies are to social experience

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Nature is to nurture as

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enhances the integrative explanation and understanding of behavior

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Investigating human behavior from biological, psychological, and social-cultural perspectives

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B

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Which of the following professions would most likely treat individuals with psychological disorders? A. Human factors psychologists and applied researchers B. Clinical psychologists and psychiatrists C. Cognitive psychologists and social psychologists D. Counseling psychologists and psychometricians E. Personality psychologists and basic researchers

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B

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Which of the following methods is the best way to enhance comprehension of your psychology text? A. Read the chapter in one sitting B. Actively process the information you are reading C. Unquestionably accept the information as you read it D. Have someone else read the text to you E. Read for detailed information first without reading the headings

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experience

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Empiricism is the view that knowledge is predominantly derived from

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isolate the underlying components of what they were studying

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The school of psychology known as structuralism was analogous to attempts by physicians and chemists to

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D

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Which school of psychology stressed the adaptive value of consciousness? A. Structuralism B. Gestalt psychology C. Psychoanalysis D. Functionalism E. Behaviorism

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no women received doctorates in period 1, but a majority in period 2

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The comparison of awarded doctoral degrees in psychology for the years 1879-1902 with the years 1996-2009 shows that

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psychoanalysis and behaviorism

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Humanistic psychology, which emphasizes human growth potential, was a reaction against

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nature works on what nurture endows

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A linguist who theorizes that the patterns of language acquisition are hard-wired into the brain, yet emphasizes that the particular language spoken by an individual is learned from the environment, would most likely contend that

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E

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Which of the following emphasizes the examination or study of mental processes? A. Functionalism and structuralism B. Behaviorism and the biological perspective C. Psychoanalysis and functionalism D. The cognitive perspective and behaviorism E. Structuralism and the cognitive perspective

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prescribe drugs

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The majority of clinical psychologists are unlikely to

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avoid reading about alternative explanations

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An ineffective technique when studying for an introductory psychology course is to

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psychodynamic

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Which perspective would most likely explain anger as "an outlet for unconscious hostility"?

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the nature-nurture issue

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The debate on the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is most often referred to as

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psychiatrist

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Which of the following professionals is also a medical doctor?

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review

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SQ3R is an acronym for survey, question, read, rehearse, and

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social

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Which of the following psychologists would most likely explore how we view and affect each other?

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observation

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For behaviorists, psychological science is rooted in

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clinical

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Which of the following psychologists would most likely conduct psychotherapy?

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cognitive neuroscience

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The study of mental activity linked with brain activity best describes

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Wilhelm Wundt

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The first psychological laboratory, opened in 1879, belonged to

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functionalist

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The __________ school of psychology focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt and flourish

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humanistic

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The study of current environmental influences and the importance of satisfying the needs for love and acceptance best describe which school of psychology?

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using psychological concepts to boost morale and productivity

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Which of the following is the best example of applied research?

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structuralists

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Self-reflective introspection (looking inward) to discern the elements of experience best describes a technique used by

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cognitive

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Which perspective would most look at how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it?

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psychology

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The science of behavior and mental processes best defines

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