question

Külpe opposed Wundt by claiming that conscious thought processes can be carried out without the presence of sensations or feelings. Külpe's view is known as

answer

imageless thought

question

Wundt's term voluntarism reflects his emphasis on the

answer

power of the will to organize the contents of the mind

question

Wundt classified sensations according to which characteristics?

answer

intensity, duration, and sense modality

question

In his early work when he was his own experimental subject, the 29-year-old Wilhelm Wundt found that he could

answer

not pay attention to two things at once

question

While Wundt had argued that learning and memory could not be studied experimentally, who soon proved him wrong?

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

The subject matter of psychology is the act of experiencing, according to

answer

Brentano

question

Stumpf's method of observation was

answer

phenomenology

question

Research suggests that many psychology historians consider ____ to be the most important psychologist of all time.

answer

Wundt

question

Which of the following are the three dimensions of Wundt's tridimensional theory of feelings?

answer

pleasure/displeasure; tension/relaxation; excitement/depression.

question

Which of the following is NOT one of Wundt's experimental conditions?

answer

Observers must be able to describe the qualitative aspects of their experiences.

question

Stumpf and Wundt engaged in a bitter fight over the topic of

answer

the introspection of tones

question

The Gestalt psychologists' best-known tenet is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This same tenet was alleged in Wundt's principle of

answer

apperception

question

In Wundt's laboratory, introspection was used to assess

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immediate experience

question

For Wundt, the subject matter of psychology was

answer

consciousness

question

Ebbinghaus' curve of forgetting shows that

answer

material is forgotten rapidly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting slows down

question

Act psychology, in contrast to Wundt's approach, claimed that psychology should

answer

study mental processes or functions and not mental structure

question

Wundt's system is most accurately identified as

answer

experimental psychology

question

Given that many of his research findings remain valid today, ____ can be seen as more influential than ____

answer

Ebbinghaus; Wundt

question

Ebbinghaus is important for the history of psychology because he

answer

successfully challenged Wundt's claim that higher mental processes, such as learning and memory, could not be studied in the laboratory

question

Brentano's system of psychology was called ____ psychology

answer

Act

question

Wundt argued that cognitive processes such as learning and memory could not be studied by experimental methods because

answer

they were influenced by language and aspects thereof

question

This person was influenced by Fechner's rigid and systematic use of measurement in developing his own methods for researching higher level cognitive processes.

answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus

question

For Brentano, the primary research method was

answer

observation

question

For Wundt, feelings are

answer

based on three dimensions including pleasure/displeasure

question

According to Wundt, there were two elementary forms of experience, namely

answer

sensation and feelings

question

The fundamental purpose of creating nonsense syllables was to

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control for previous learning

question

Wundt's modification of introspection was the

answer

use of experimental controls

question

____ work on ____ was the first "venture into a truly psychological problem area" rather than on physiology.

answer

Ebbinghaus'; learning

question

The first system or school of thought in psychology was called ____.

answer

voluntarism by Wundt

question

Which of the following methods is defined as "the examination of experience as it occurred without any attempt to reduce experience to elementary components."

answer

Phenomenology

question

The ultimate fate of Wundt's laboratory at Leipzig was that it ____.

answer

was destroyed by allied bombing raids in World War II

question

Wundt's most important contribution to psychology was ____.

answer

All of the above

question

The significance of Ebbinghaus's work is in his ____.

answer

rigorous use of experimental control and his quantitative analysis of data

question

Wundt's theory of feelings was based on ____.

answer

his own introspections

question

Titchener noted that the first significant advance in the study of learning since Aristotle was ____.

answer

the development of the nonsense syllable

question

Wundt established psychology as distinct from philosophy primarily in terms of its ____.

answer

use of the experimental method

question

The psychological study of music was pioneered by ____.

answer

Stumpf

question

In 1867, Wundt offered the first course ever given in ________.

answer

physiological psychology

question

Wundt's productivity as a writer can be quantified by his output, which averaged ________.

answer

2.2 pages a day for over 50 years

question

Wundt's observers used introspection to report ________.

answer

judgments about the size and intensity of physical stimuli

question

Wundt's doctrine of apperception refers to ________.

answer

the process of organizing mental elements into a whole

question

Wundtian psychology in Germany was slow to develop because ________.

answer

it was not seen as having practical value

question

Ebbinghaus measured the rate of human learning by ________.

answer

counting the number of repetitions needed for one perfect reproduction of the material

question

Other than Stumpf's research, his greatest influence on psychology may have been ________.

answer

educating the founders of Gestalt psychology

question

Systematic experimental introspection involves ________.

answer

retrospection and the performance of a complex task

question

Which of the following works were most influential in the development of functionalism? .

answer

The work of Darwin and Galton and comparative research

question

Why, after many centuries of accepting biblical stories, did scholars question the one about Noah's ark?

answer

There were too many identified species to fit two of each into a boat.

question

The most fundamental point of Darwin's theses was the ________.

answer

e. fact of variation among members of the species

question

In the study of finches' beaks, the biologists Peter and Rosemary Grant found that ________.

answer

c. All of the choices are correct

question

The influence of Darwin's work can be seen most directly in ________.

answer

b. comparative psychology

question

The early 20th-century American government policy of sterilizing mentally retarded females is an example of ________.

answer

a. eugenics

question

Who was the first to show that human mental characteristics followed a normal distribution?

answer

c. Galton

question

Galton found that a substantial proportion of word associations were evidence of ________.

answer

d. the effects of childhood experiences on the adult

question

According to ________, animals have no soul and thus are automata.

answer

b. Descartes

question

Despite Romanes's deficiencies in methodology, he is respected by scientists for his ________.

answer

c. stimulation of the development of comparative psychology

question

Darwin's position on Lamarck's idea that changes due to experiences can be inherited was the ____ of Lamarck's ____.

answer

acceptance; doctrine

question

The first person(s) to engage in large studies of experimental comparative psychology was/were ____.

answer

Morgan

question

To study mental imagery, Galton used which self-report method?

answer

the questionnaire

question

Galton's measures of intellectual functioning assumed correlation between intelligence and ____.

answer

acuteness of the senses

question

A theory of evolution based on natural selection was developed independently by ____.

answer

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

question

Darwin's ideas of evolution were not new. What was new about Darwin's work was his ____.

answer

hard data to support such a theory

question

____ was an early evolutionary theorist who argued that acquired characteristics could be inherited.

answer

jean-Baptiste Lamarck

question

The most important consequence of functionalism was ____.

answer

The development of applied psychology

question

Who was the first to show that biological and social data were normally distributed?

answer

Quetelet

question

Galton proposed that measurement of human traits could be defined and summarized by two numbers, which are ____.

answer

The mean and the standard deviation

question

Who wrote Hereditary Genius?

answer

Galton

question

In a public debate on evolution, ____ refuted the points made against evolution by ____.

answer

Huxley; Wilberforce

question

____ was a confidant of Darwin who introduced the concept of evolution into geological theory.

answer

Lyell

question

Today, scientists are sometimes portrayed as offering science as a new religion or as being enemies of religion. This stance could be traced to ____.

answer

Huxley

question

Today, our acceptance that the study of individual differences is appropriate subject matter for psychology is due to whose work?

answer

Galton

question

The ____ ask, "What's the mind made of?" whereas the ____ demand, "What does it do?"

answer

structuralists; functionalists

question

The notion that there is a continuity of consciousness and cognitive processes between animals and humans was suggested and/or demonstrated by ____.

answer

Darwin's evidence

question

Despite Romanes's deficiencies in methodology, he is respected by scientists for his ____.

answer

stimulation of the development of comparative psychology

question

The intent of Lloyd Morgan's canon was to ____.

answer

make comparative psychology more scientific

question

Who arrived at the concept of the "average man" to describe findings from a large group of subjects?

answer

Quetelet

question

Titchener discarded aspects of Wundt's system, including ________.

answer

apperception

question

One of Titchener's most profound influences on the development of experimentation in psychology was his publication ________.

answer

Experimental Psychology: A Manual of Laboratory Practice (1901-1905)

question

Who scolded Titchener for still practicing "a very old fashioned standpoint" in excluding women from psychology meetings?

answer

Ladd-Franklin

question

By the 1920s the term used by Titchener for his system of psychology was ________.

answer

existential

question

Which of the following was a topic to be explored by Titchener's psychology?

answer

All the choices are correct.

question

Substantial doubts about and attacks on introspection ________.

answer

existed long before Titchener used the method

question

Ordinary words such as "table" were not to be used by Titchener's introspectionists. Therefore, it became a goal to ________.

answer

develop a working vocabulary free of meaning

question

Because some time elapsed between the experience and the reporting of it, critics charged that introspection was really a form of ________.

answer

retrospection

question

As more and more students became drawn to Titchener's lectures at Cornell, he ____.

answer

became less actively engaged in laboratory research.

question

In addition to introspection, another criticism of Titchener's system was its ____.

answer

artificiality and sterility

question

Titchener's research identified three elements of consciousness: sensations, affective states, and ____.

answer

images

question

The school of structuralism includes the work and/or systems of which of the following?

answer

Titchener

question

According to the textbook, a significant contribution of structuralism was ____.

answer

its service as a target for criticism

question

Titchener's descriptors of sensations did NOT include which of the following?

answer

propensity

question

The two most important contributions of Titchener's system to modern psychology are ____.

answer

his experimental method and a strong position to protest

question

Toward the end of Titchener's career, he came to favor the ____ method instead of the ____ method.

answer

phenomenological; introspective

question

Who was Titchener's first doctoral student?

answer

Washburn

question

In their evaluation of Titchener's theoretical viewpoint toward the end of his career, Schultz and Schultz conclude that he was ____.

answer

as flexible and open to change as scientists are supposed to be

question

Who defined the subject matter of psychology as being a conscious experience as that experience is dependent on the person who is actually experiencing it?

answer

Titchener

question

The sum of our experiences as they exist at a particular moment is Titchener's definition of ____.

answer

consciousness

question

In his introspection experiments, Titchener wanted his subjects (observers) to ____.

answer

be passive recorders of the experiences registering on the conscious mind

question

Feelings or emotions lack clearness because ____.

answer

if we focus on them to determine clearness, the feeling or emotion disappears.

question

Titchener's graduate student observers were instructed to ignore certain classes of words called ____ words.

answer

meaning

question

To confuse the mental process under study with the stimulus or object being observed was to commit ____.

answer

stimulus error

question

When Titchener returned to Oxford with his doctorate from Wundt, his colleagues ____.

answer

were skeptical of the use of scientific approaches to philosophical questions

question

Provided that students and colleagues were properly respectful, Titchener was ____ to them.

answer

kind and helpful

question

In his treatment of women, Titchener ____.

answer

demonstrated both support of and obstruction of women in psychology

question

____ was the first American woman to receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology.

answer

Margaret Floy Washburn

question

One of the main reasons that Titchener's thought was believed to closely parallel that of Wundt was that Titchener ____.

answer

translated Wundt's books from German into English

question

Subjects in Titchener's laboratory were asked to ____.

answer

All of the choices are correct

question

Titchener's definition of the appropriate subject matter of psychology is ____.

answer

conscious experience

question

Titchener opposed the development of areas such as child psychology and animal psychology because ____.

answer

these areas did not focus on discovering the structures of mind

question

For Titchener, distinct sensations combined with others to form ____.

answer

perceptions and ideas

question

When Titchener died, the era of structuralism ____.

answer

collapsed

question

Titchener excluded women from the meetings of the Titchener Experimentalists because women:

answer

were too pure to smoke.

question

Titchener argued that psychology is unique among the sciences because ____.

answer

psychology alone is dependent on experiencing persons

question

The sum of our experiences accumulated over a lifetime is Titchener's definition of ____.

answer

mind

question

Who was the founder and first president of the American Psychological Association?

answer

Hall

question

Who coined the phrase "survival of the fittest"?

answer

Spencer

question

Which of the following statement expresses the James-Lange theory of emotions?

answer

Physiological arousal precedes the experience of an emotion

question

Who was the earliest to argue that the mind exists in its present form because of past and present efforts to adapt to various environments?

answer

Spencer

question

Who disliked the constraints imposed by membership in any school of thought?

answer

woodworth

question

According to Spencer, the universe operates in accord with ____.

answer

the principle of the survival of the fittest

question

An elaboration of the obvious" was James's description of ____.

answer

Psychology

question

That nasty little science" was James's label for ____.

answer

Psychology

question

For James, choice and habit are different in that ____.

answer

habit is nonconscious

question

The basic tenet of ____ is that the validity of an idea or conception must be tested by its practical consequences.

answer

Pragmatism

question

Spencer developed synthetic philosophy, which was an attempt to ____.

answer

use evolutionary theory as a way to understand any process that undergoes change and development

question

According to ____, the goal of psychology is to study how the mind enables and facilitates the adaptation of the organism to its environment.

answer

Angell

question

The idea that men show a wider range of variations in physical and mental development than women and that the abilities of women are more clustered about the average is a definition of the ____.

answer

variability hypothesis

question

Who arranged for Freud and Jung to visit and lecture in America?

answer

Hall

question

The notion of analysis of consciousness is, in James's view, the ____.

answer

psychologist's fallacy

question

Functionalism was most loudly criticized by the ____.

answer

structuralists

question

The hallmark of Woodworth's psychology was his ____.

answer

focus on motivation

question

Who pioneered an innovative method of information processing?

answer

Hollerith

question

James described the manuscript of his book, The Principles of Psychology, as testimony to the fact that ____.

answer

a "science of psychology" did not exist

question

Who originated the idea of social Darwinism?

answer

Spencer

question

Who did Darwin call "our philosopher"?

answer

Spencer

question

James was vocally criticized by other early psychologists because he ________.

answer

studied psychic phenomena and moved away from scientific psychology

question

Although it took twelve years to complete, ________'s great book on psychology represented a commitment to evolutionary principles and a rejection of Wundt's approach to psychology.

answer

William James

question

William James used the term "stream of consciousness" to indicate ________.

answer

that the changing nature of consciousness prevents its analysis into mental elements

question

In contemporary measures of memory, a common task is to assess one's learning of paired associates. This technique was developed by ________.

answer

Calkins

question

Hollingworth's research refuted ________.

answer

the variability hypothesis

question

Hall's Pedagogical Seminary reflected his early interest in ________.

answer

child development

question

The notion that children's development reflects the history of the human race is the ________.

answer

recapitulation theory

question

John Dewey is credited with initiating the early development of functional psychology in his paper entitled, "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology." What was the major point that Dewey made in this paper?

answer

Behavior cannot be properly understood or analyzed into simple stimulus-response units. Behavior must be understood in terms of its result and the adaptive significance of the behavior to the organism.

question

For Angell, the fact that consciousness exists demonstrates that it is ________.

answer

adaptive and essential for an organism's survival

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