AP Psych Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Considered founder of psychology and established the first formal laboratory for research at the University of Leipzig in 1879. Believed psychology should be a science and study consciousness. Wundt's psychology became structuralism.
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William James
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"father of psychology" in US; Wrote first modern textbook of psychology in 1890. Was one of the leading founders of functionalism.
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Sigmund Freud
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Came up with psychoanalysis; psychological disturbances caused by unconscious personal conflicts. Applied scientific methods to personality, motivation, and abnormal behavior.
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Edward Titchner
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One of the founders of structuralism. Task of psych is to analyze consciousness into basic elements and investigate how elements are related.
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B.F. Skinner
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Behaviorist; organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and they tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes. All behavior is governed by external stimuli.
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John Watson
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contributed to behaviorism; believed that all behavior is due to conditioning and occurs because the right stimulus is present in the environment. Founded school of behaiorism
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G. Stanley Hall
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established first US psychological lab; established first US psychology journal, first President of APA.
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Abraham Maslow
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Prominent to humanism; optimistic view of human nature, people not controlled by environment or animal heritage.
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James Olds
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contributed to cognitive perspective; electrical stimulation of animal brains led to pleasure and rage in the animals.
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Roger Sperry
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Believed that right and left halves of the brain are specialized to handle different types of mental tasks; contributed to cognitive perspective.
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Structuralism
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Wundt's psychology; school of thought that studies the basic elements of structures of consciousness. Objective sensations, subjective feelings (ex. taste, sight, emotional response).
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Functionalism
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William James leading founder. School of thought that studies the function and purpose of consciousness and behavior. Interested in stream of consciousness (term coined by William James). Behavioral observations. Study how cognitive processes help people and animals. Adapt to their environment. Studies function and purpose of consciousness and behavior.
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Behaviorism
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School of thought that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior. Ivan Pavlov introduced concept of conditioning. John B. Watson believed that all behavior is due to conditioning. Behavior is repeated due to positive or negative consequences. Observable behavior should be the sole focus of psychology. Behavior is learned through reinforcements, such as rewards and punishments.
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Humanism
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approach that emphasizes human capacity for personal growth and capacity to make choices. Humanists help people explore their feelings, manage negative impulses and realize their potential.
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Behavioral
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psychological approach that emphasizes observable behavior.
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Psychodynamic
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psychological approach that emphasizes the unconscious minds desires and wishes.
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Humanistic
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psychological approach that emphasizes the personal growth and the capacity to make choices; developed as a reaction to behavioral psychology in the 1960s.
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Cognitive
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theoretical perspective that emphasizes the role cognitive processes have on behavior. Focuses on how people process, store and use information. Information influences thinking, language, problem solving, and creativity. Main areas of study: perception, attention, memory and language.
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Biological
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psychological approach that emphasizes the influence of biological processes on behavior and cognitive processes. Biological process: brain cells, hormones, genes, and nervous system.
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Evolutionary
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psychological approach that emphasizes the evolution of behavior and cognitive processes. Based on theory of Natural Selection. Behavioral patterns are hereditary.
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Sociocultural
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a psychological approach that studies how ethnicity, gender culture, and socioeconomics status influence behavior and cognitive processes.
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Applied Psychology
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the branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems.
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Clinical Psychology
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is the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and the treatment of psychological problems and disorder.
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Counseling Psychology
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help with treatment of everyday adjustment problems.
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Educational/School psychology
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Educational psychologists work to to improve curriculum design, achievement testing, teacher training, and other aspects of of the educational process. School psychologists usually work in elementary or secondary schools, where they test counsel children having difficulties in school and aid parents and teachers in solving school-related problems.
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Industrial/Organizational psychology
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concerned with application of psychology principles in the work place.
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Cognitive psychology
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emphasizes recognizing bad thoughts and insights
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Positive psychology
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uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence.
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Evolutionary psychology
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examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations.
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Psychology's roots are in philosophy and
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physiology.
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According to the textbook, what contributed to the rapid growth of psychology in the US toward the end of the 19th century?
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Resources were available for expansion and university climates were open to the development of new disciplines.
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The world's largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology is
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the American Psychological Association
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What is introspection?
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the systematic self-observation and analysis of one's own conscious experience.
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Who is more likely to use introspection, structuralists or functionalists?
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Functionalists
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What branch of psychology is concerned with everyday, practical problems?
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Applied psychology
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What area of applied psychology was most affected by WWII?
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Clinical Psychology
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What type of psychologist would be most interested in figuring out the most effective ways of treating anxiety?
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Clinical psychologist
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Ethnocentrism
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the tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways.
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Theory
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is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.
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Empiricism
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is the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.
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Culture
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refers to the widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations.
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Psychometrics
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concerned with measurement of behavior and capacities. Assess personality, intelligence, and abilities.
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According to your book, psychology is both a science and a
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profession.
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How do psychologists and psychiatrists differ? How are they the same?
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Psychiatrists have to go to medical school and can prescribe medicine; Psychologists cannot prescribe medicine and do no go to medical school but they have the get a Ph.D. However, they both specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems.
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Research findings from the 1950s and 1960s highlighted the
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interrelations between the mind, body, and behavior.
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According to your book, of all doctoral degrees awarded in the sciences and humanities, psychology accounts for about
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9%.
