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Japanese Internment

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Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 me, women and children-were sent to hastly constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior.

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Greensboro sit-ins

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The Greensboro Sit-ins were protests where 4 students from the NC Agricultural and Technical College sat down at whites only lunch counter. Once they were there, they refused to move. Each day, they came back with many more protesters. Sometimes, there were over 100. These sit-ins led to the formation of the SNCC. Led to sit-ins across the country.

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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

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Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

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U-2 Incident

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In which the Russians shot down a high altitude US spy plane over the Soviet Union; this incident exposed a secret US tactic for gaining information.

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Marshall Plan

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a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

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Casablanca Conference

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January 1943 conference between FDR and Churchill that produces Unconditional Surrender doctrine

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Dumbarton Oaks Conference

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In a meeting near Washington, D.C., held from August 21 to October 7, 1944, U.S., Great Britain, U.S.S.R. and China met to draft the constitution of the United Nations.

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Alger Hiss

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A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

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long hot summers

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n the 60's the riots became expressions of black discontent. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (the Kerner Commission) reported 130 separate race riots in the summer of 1967 alone — now initiated by blacks in response to police brutality, poor housing, no jobs, and exclusion from the benefits and promises of American life

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Henry Wallace

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A former Democratic who ran on the New Progressive Party due to his disagreement on Truman's policy with the Soviets. He caused the Democratic party to split even more during the election season.

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baby boomers

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The 78 million people born during the baby boom, following World War II and lasting until the early 1960s

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Jack Kerouac

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was the author of the best-selling book On the Road, which epitomized the Beat Generation of the late 1940s and early 1950s.

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Little Rock school crisis

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after the desegregation of schools, Eisenhower sent 10,000 National Guardsmen and 1,000 paratroopers to Little Rock Arkansas to control mobs to enable blacks to enroll at Central High in September 1957. A small force of soldiers was stationed at the school throughout the year.

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GI Bill of Rights

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Also known as Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 gave money to veternas to study in colleges, universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business

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Jackie Robinson

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The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

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David Riesman

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Wrote the book The Lonely Crowd which argued that this conformity was changing people.

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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an independent agency of the United States government responsible for aviation and spaceflight

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Korematsu v U.S.

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1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

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Montgomery bus boycott

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In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

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McCarthyism

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The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

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Harry Truman

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The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

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Truman Doctrine

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President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

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Teheran Conference

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Meeting in 1943; Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill; confirmed their defense to crush Hitler.

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San Francisco Conference

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(FDR) 1945 - This conference expanded the drafts of the Yalta and Dumbarton Oaks conferences and adopted the "United Nations" Charter.

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NSC-68

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National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

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Youngstown Sheet and Tube v Sawyer

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1952 Truman discovered steel workers were planning a strike. He ordered Sec. of Commerce to nationalize steel mines and have the gov. run them. Truman couldn't because of the Supreme Court ruling that the president wasn't allowed to take possession of private property

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Douglas MacArthur

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Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

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Sputnik

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The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.

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beat generation

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The generation of writers who rebelled against American Culture for its conformity, blind faith in technology, and materialism.

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Eisenhower Doctrine

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Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

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Servicemen's Readjustment Act

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A government legislation designed to solve the problem of what the 15 million soldiers would do once they got back home. It allowed all servicemen to have free college education once they returned from the war, and it created the Veterans' Administration allowing them to take out loans.

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New Frontier

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The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

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Dixiecrats

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southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

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Federal Highway Act

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Signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956, this act constructed over 41,000 miles of interstate highway, and was the biggest public works project of its day

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Employment Act of 1946

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Enacted by Truman, it committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth and established the Council of Economic Advisors to confer with the president and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and purchasing power

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Brown v Board of Education

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1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

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Fair Deal

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Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased minimum wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing

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containment

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American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

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Yalta Conference

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Meeting that agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

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United Nations

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an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

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Berlin Airlift

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airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

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George Kennan

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He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

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Korean War

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The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

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NATO

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

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Taft-Harley Act

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An act, passed in 1947 by the U.S. Congress, which gave states the right to pass right-to-work laws. These right-to-work laws prohibit employers from establishing union membership as a condition of employment

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National Defense Education Act

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Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

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Ralph Bunche

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The first African American to be a division head in the Dept. of State. He later joined the United Nations and was awarded the Nobel peace prize for mediating the 1948 Arab-Israeli truce

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dynamic conservatism

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Eisenhower's philosophy of being liberal in all things human and being conservative with all things fiscal. Appealed to both Republicans and Democrats; balancing economic conservatism with some activism.

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Civil Rights Commission

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set up by the Civil Rights Act and was made to investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights

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