ch 10 quiz – Flashcards
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Harry is facing an important test and expects to do poorly. He is so anxious that he cannot concentrate or study effectively, but he figures that since he's going to do badly anyway, he should not bother. This is an indication of Harry's
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self-esteem
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According to Damon, the second stage of building friendship for middle-school-age children is
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basing friendship on trust
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More than ______________ households in the United States contain at least one spouse who has remarried
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10 million
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Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg found that ____________ is relatively rare
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postconventional morality
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Almost ________ of African American children under the age of 18 and almost _________ of Hispanic American children under the age of 18 live in a single-parent household
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60%; 35%
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According to psychologist Carol Beal, the motivation of middle-school-age girls to solve conflict among friends is due to
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the desire to make social interaction nonconfrontational
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After a divorce, ______-year-old children feel pressured to choose sides between the mother and father, and may experience a degree of divided loyalty
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10
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Following a divorce, a child may exhibit all of the following EXCEPT
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ADHD
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The prevalence of three-generation families who live together is greater among
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African American families
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Parents can help break the cycle of low self-esteem in a child by using a(n) _________ child-rearing style
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authoritative
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The term that refers to the complex relationship between self-esteem and minority group status comes from
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social identity theory
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Sally, who is a middle-school-age girl, wants her friend, Beth, to go to the movies with her. Which of the following statements is Sally likely to use to get her friend to go?
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"Let's go to the movies."
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During the middle school years, all of the following occur EXCEPT
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peer relationships are more influential than family relationships
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Middle-school-age girls tend to __________; while middle-school-age boys tend to _________.
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play in pairs; develop a dominance hierarchy
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According to Damon, the first stage of building friendship for middle-school-age children is
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basing friendship on others' behavior
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With regard to children of divorced parents, all of the following are true EXCEPT
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divorce is not beneficial to children living in households overwhelmed by parental strife
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Which of the following best describes the first of the three-stage process of women's morality, as theorized by Carol Gilligan?
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goodness as self-sacrifice
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____________ is the period in which parents and children jointly control children's behavior.
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Coregulation
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What is the term for children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their caretaker(s) return from work?
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self-care children
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Recent research indicates that around age 11, African American children begin to show higher self-esteem than Caucasian American children. Which of the following is NOT a reason for this?
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African American children begin to notice more visibility on television of African Americans.
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During middle childhood years, it appears that children in immigrant families
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often do quite well in the United States
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Which of the following is true when it comes to middle school children's friendships?
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Children can show a high degree of mutual acceptance
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According to Damon, when Sammy (who is a kindergarten student) is asked, "How do you know that someone is your best friend?" it is highly likely that he will respond
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"Because I can play a lot with him/her and stay over his/her house a lot."
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Friends influence children's development during the middle childhood years in all of the following ways EXCEPT
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friendships provide more security than relationships with parents and other family members
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Which psychologist promoted the theory that addresses middle childhood children's focus on meeting the challenges presented by the world?
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Erikson
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Compared to less popular children, popular children are more likely to do all of the following EXCEPT
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disregard others' emotional experiences
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According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following stages reflects a person's approach to moral problems as a member of society, where the person is interested in pleasing others by acting as a good member of society?
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conventional morality
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Which of the following children is likely to be better adjusted, have higher self-esteem, and a stronger motivation to succeed?
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a child in China who has one sibling
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Twelve-year-old Sam believes he is a pretty good soccer player but not as good in chorus. This is an indication of Sam's
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self-concept
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According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, what stage reflects a person's use of moral principles, which are seen as broader than those of any particular society?
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postconventional morality
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Research indicates that popular children share the following personality characteristics EXCEPT
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being domineering
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Sima is a child of recent immigrants to the U.S. Sima is likely to demonstrate all of the following EXCEPT
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a high level of popularity among peers
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Children who grow up in which of the following families tend to have a stronger sense of extended family?
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families headed by African American or Hispanic American parents
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Middle-school-age boys typically have all of the following EXCEPT
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one or two "best friends" who are of relatively equal status
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According to one psychologist, girls view morality in all the terms below EXCEPT
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broad principles of fairness/justice
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Eleven-year-old Tina characterizes herself as a smart, friendly person who is helpful to others. Tina's views of herself are based on
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psychological characteristics, inner traits that are more abstract
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Which of the following psychologists developed the three stages of moral development for women?
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Carol Gilligan
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Status is
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the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group
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According to research by Vaillant & Vaillant, which of the following characteristics is most highly associated with adult success?
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childhood industriousness
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Kohlberg proposes that moral development occurs in a fixed order, and that people are unable to reach the highest stage of moral reasoning until __________ due to __________.
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adolescence; lack of cognitive development
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According to ____________, members of a minority group are likely to accept the negative views held by a majority group only if they perceive that there is little realistic possibility of changing the power and status differences between the groups
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social identity theory
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During the middle school years, all of the following occur EXCEPT
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peer relationships are more influential than family relationships
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Which of the following psychologists contends that people pass through a series of stages in the kind of reasoning they use to make moral judgments as their sense of justice evolves?
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Kohlberg
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Generally, overall self-esteem is high during middle childhood but begins to decline around the age of ___ due to
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12; school transition
