NFS 401: Medical Terminology/Abbreviations + Extras I Should Learn – Flashcards
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Orderly
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ord
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Tincture - Medicine made by dissolving a drug and alcohol
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tr
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Nasogastric tube - feeding tube through nose to stomach
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NGT
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Operating Room
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OR
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Outpatient Department - Outpatients are those receiving medical treatment without being admitted to hospital
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OPD
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Out of bed
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OOB
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Ointment
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oint, ung
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Overdose or right eye
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OD
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Obstetrics - Branch of medicine concerning childbirth and care of women giving birth
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OB
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oxygen
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O
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Neurological Vital Signs - includes respiratory rate and pattern, oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood pressure and temperature. Changes may indicate a neurological deterioration
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NVS
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Normal sinus rhythm - normal heart rate and rhythm
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NSR
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Nursing
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nsg
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Normal Saline - sterile, nonpyrogenic solution for fluid and electrolyte replenishment. No antimicrobial agents. Intravenously administered.
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NS
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Producing or producing by heat or fever
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Nonpyrogenic
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Administered into veins, typically an injection
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Intravenous
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Orthopedics - Medical branch concerned with deformities or impairments of the skeletal system and associated structures like muscles and ligaments
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ORTH
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Correct or right (bones)
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ortho
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Mouth
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os
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left eye
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OS
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Occupational Therapy - help to recover, develop and maintain occupations of others
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OT
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Both eyes
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OU
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Ounce
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oz
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After or Post
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p
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Pulse
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P
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Percussion (tapping to assess any sites of pain etc) and Auscultation (using a stethoscope to listen for various lung, heart and bowel sounds)
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P & A
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Premature atrial contraction -a common cardiac dysrhythmia with premature heartbeats originating in the atria
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PAC
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Palpitation
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palp
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Post-anethesia room
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PAR
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Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia -the heart's rhythm is coming from an electric pacemaker rather than the natural sinoatrial node
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PAT
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After meals
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pc
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Partial pressure of CO2, often used in reference to blood normal values 35-45 mmHg
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pCO2
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Physician's Desk Reference -a commercial publication of information on prescription drugs, updated yearly
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PDR
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Physical exam or pulmonary embolism
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PE
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Pediatrics - branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents
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PEDS
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By or through
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per
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pupils equal and reactive to light (and accommodation)
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PERL(A)
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Positron emission topography
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PET
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Past History
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PH
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Hydrogen Ion Concentration - can determine acidity or basic
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pH
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pelvic inflammatory disease
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PID
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Phenylketonuria - Birth defect that causes buildup of phenylalanine in body due to inability to break down
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PKU
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Between noon and midnight
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pm
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peripheral nervous system
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PNS
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By mouth
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po
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Posterior (Back/behind)
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post (pos)
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Postoperative
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postop, PostOp
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Postprandial (after eating)
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pp (p.p.)
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Partial pressure of oxygen, changes by altitude
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pO2
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Purified Protein Derivative (a test for TB, I got this)
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PPD
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Pre operation
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preop, PreOp
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prothrombin time: a blood test that tests how long it takes to clot
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pro time
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patient or pint
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pt
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Physical Therapy
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PT
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Partial thromboplastin time: another test to test how the blood clots
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PTT
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premature ventricular contraction: the heartbeat is initiated by Purkinje fibers in the ventricles rather than the normal sinoatrial node
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PVC
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Physical exam and prognosis
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Px
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Every
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q
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Everyday
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qd
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Every hour
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qh
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Every two hours, every three hours and so on...
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q2h, q3h....
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Every night at bedtime
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qhs
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Four times a day
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qid
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Quantity not sufficient
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qns
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Rectal
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r (R)
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Respirations or Rectal
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R (resp)
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radioactive iodine uptake test - a scan used to detect thyroid problems, particularly hyperthyroidism
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RAIU
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Red blood cell/count
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RBC
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Regular
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reg
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Rhesus factor - RH+ means you have this
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Rh
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Radial keratomy is a procedure used to correct myopia/nearsightedness
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RK
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Ringer's Lactate - a mixture of NaCl, sodium lactate, KCl, and CaCl in water Used for replacing fluids and electrolytes in low blood volume or low blood pressure
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RL
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Right lower quadrant (abdomen)
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RLQ
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Right lower lobe of lung
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RLL
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Right middle lobe of lung
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RML
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reality orientation - is all about presenting information about time, place or person in order to help a person understand their surroundings and situation. This information is repeated at regular intervals. Example: The use of every day cues like clocks and calendars.
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RO
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Rule out
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R/O
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Range of Motion
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ROM
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Recovery room
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R.R.
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Right Upper Quadrant (Abdomen)
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RUQ
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Right
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rt
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Residual volume - is the amount of air that remains in a person's lungs after fully exhaling. Tested to determine the health of someone's lungs
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RV
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Take (A prescription)
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Rx
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Without
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s
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Signs and Symptoms
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S ; S
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1/2
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ss
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Blood saturation/oxygen level
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Sats
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sinoatrial - a small body of specialized muscle tissue in the wall of the right atrium of the heart that acts as a pacemaker by producing a contractile signal at regular intervals.
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SA
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small bowel aka small intestine
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SB
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Subcutaneous
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sc, SQ, sub q
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serum glutamic oxaloacetic transminase - released into blood when heart or liver are damaged
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SGOT
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serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase - liver enzyme
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SGPT
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
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SIDS
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Label/write
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Sig:
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Sublingual
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SL
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Sequential Multiple Analysis Computer - serves as a broad initial screening tool for fluid balance, kidney function and much more
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SMAC
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Shortness of breath
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SOB
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Specimen
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spec
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Specific Gravity
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sp. gr.
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soap suds enema - A mixture of soap and water injected into the colon to stimulate a bowel movement
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SSE
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Immediately
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stat
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Sexually transmitted disease
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STD
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somatotropic hormone aka growth hormone
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STH
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spontaneous vaginal delivery
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SVD
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small volume nebilizer - a device for dispensing liquid in a fine spray
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SVN
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supraventricular tachycardia - is an abnormally fast heart rhythm arising from improper electrical activity in the upper part of the heart
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SVT
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Symptoms
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Sx
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Temperature or thoracic
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T
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Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy - surgical procedure to remove tonsils and a surgery to remove adenoids (above mass of tonsils) from a child
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T ; A
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Tablet
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tab
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Tachycardic - heart rate that exceeds the normal (;100 bpm)
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tachy
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total abdominal hysterectomy - total removal of the uterus
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TAH
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Tuberculosis
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TB
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turn, cough, deep breath
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TCDB
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Temperature
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temp (T)
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Thyroid Hormone
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TH
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transient ischemic attack - like a stroke, a temporary block of blood flow to the brain
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TIA
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Three times a day
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tid
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Temporomandibular Joint
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TMJ
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Tolerated
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tol
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Temperature, Pulse, Respirations
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TPR
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Tracheotomy, Tracheostomy
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trach
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Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
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TSH
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tetanus toxoid - a shot to fix tetanus
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TT
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transurethral resection - surgical procedure used to both diagnose bladder cancer and remove cancerous tissue from the bladder
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TUR
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Tidal volume - The amount of air which enters the lungs during normal inhalation at rest
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TV
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Total vaginal hysterectomy - Vaginal hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus through the vagina
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TVH
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Traction
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TX
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Urinalysis
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UA
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Umbilicus
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umb
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Unconscious
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unc.
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Unknown
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unk
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Urine
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ur
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Usual, Reasonable, Customary
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URC
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Upper Respiratory Infection
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URI
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Ultrasonic
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US
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Urinary Tract Infection
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UTI
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ventricular fibrillation - the heart quivers instead of pumping due to disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles
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V fib
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ventricular tachycardia - a regular and fast heart beat that arises from improper electrical activity in the ventricles
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V tach
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Vaginal
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vag
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Vital capacity - the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.
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VC
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Venereal disease aka STD
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VD
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Vitamin
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vit
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Verbal Order
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vo
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Volume
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vol
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Vital Signs
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V/S
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While Awake
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WA
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White blood cell/count
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WBC
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Wheelchair
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w/c
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Within Normal Limits
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WNL
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Weight
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wt
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Year(s) old
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y/o
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Activities of Daily Living
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ADL
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Activity factor
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AF
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Albumin
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Alb
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Nutrition related
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AM
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Basal Energy Expenditure
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BEE
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Two times per day
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bid
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Body Mass Index
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BMI
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With
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C
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Calcium
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Ca
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Calorie
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cal, kcal
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Cubic Centimeter
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cc
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Carbohydrate
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CHO
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Cholesterol
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Chol
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Clear Liquid
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CL
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Day
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d
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Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic
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DM or ADA
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Dietary reference intakes
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DRI
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Diagnosis
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Dx
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End stage renal disease
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ESRD
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Full Liquid
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FL
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Failure to thrive
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FTT
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Fluid restriction
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FR
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Full Strength
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FS
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Grams
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g or gm
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Hour
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h or hr
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Head of bed
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hob
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at time of sleep, bedtime
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HS
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Ideal body weight
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IBW
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Intermediate care facility
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ICF
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Injury factor
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IF
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Potassium
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K
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Kilogram
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kg
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Liter
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L
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Low
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Lo
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Low concentrated sweets - diet order
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LCS
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Low salt
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LS
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Milliliter
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ml
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Sodium
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Na
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No added salt diet
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NAS
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No concentrated sweets
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NCS
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Nothing by mouth
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NPO
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By mouth
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Po
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Phosphorus
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Po4
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Protein
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pro
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Registered Dietitian
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RD
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Reference Dietary Intake
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RDI
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without
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S
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sugar free
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SF
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Self monitoring blood glucose
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SMBG
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Total energy expenditure
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TEE
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Therapeutic lifestyle changes
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TLC
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Tube feeding
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TF
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Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a method of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. Fluids are given into a vein to provide most of the nutrients the body needs.
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TPN
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by
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via
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weight
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# or lbs
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Stomach cancer Usually begins in the glands of gastric mucosa Can be caused by chronic irritation from H. pylori infection
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Adenocarcinoma
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Colon cancer Occurs when colon polyps (clump of cells formed on a lining) or ulcer formed colitis becomes cancerous Can be caused by high fat diets Indicated by blood in feces
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Colo rectal Adenocarcinoma
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Liver cancer Usually developed elsewhere in the body and spread to liver
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Pancreas cancer Usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, too late for effective treatment and thus patients at this time have around a year to live
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Pancreatic cancer
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NGTs are implemented to drain secretions from the stomach or to temporarily give feedings
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Insertion of NGT
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A procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen with a needle and vacuum cleaner. This is done to reduce abdominal pressure built up from a particular disorder, or to check for cancerous cells or to find blood from trauma
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Abdominocentesis
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Procedure to remove a small piece of tissue to look for abnormalities or cancerous cells
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Biopsy
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Procedure to remove an infected part of the intestine and put together the two healthy ends. Anastomosis is the connecting of the two ends
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Bowel resection and Anastomosis
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Procedure to remove the gall bladder. Done as a laparoscopic procedure to minimize invasion
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Cholecystectomy
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also called minimally invasive surgery (MIS), bandaid surgery, or keyhole surgery, is a modern surgical technique in which operations are performed far from their location through small incisions (usually 0.5-1.5 cm) elsewhere in the body.
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Laparoscopic
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Procedure to remove a diseased part of the colon and create a new opening in the body for feces to travel out of. Patients must wear a plastic bag on the abdominal wall to collect feces.
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Colostomy
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Procedure in which part of the ileum and colon are removed and a stoma/artificial opening is created
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Ileostomy
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an artificial opening made into a hollow organ, especially one on the surface of the body leading to the gut or trachea.
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Stoma
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Procedure of using an endoscope to observe the internal GI tract
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Endoscopy
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Procedure that cuts the abdomen widely open so that the contents can be observed
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Exploratory laparotomy
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Moves back and forth upon swallowing
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Sliding hernia
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Intestine swells in the hernia sac and becomes trapped and can't be pushed back into abdomen
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Incarcerated hernia
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An incarcerated hernia, but the blood supply has been cut off and will lead to tissue death
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Strangulated hernia
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The stomach bulges through the normal opening for the diaphragm opening normally for the esophagus
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Hiatal hernia
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The stomach bulges anywhere on the anterior abdominal wall excluding the umbilicus
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Ventral hernia
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The intestine bulges at the umbilicus
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Umbilical hernia
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A birth defect that causes an umbilical hernia present at birth that is only covered by thin peritoneum, without any fat or abdominal skin.
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Omphalocele
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The intestine slides between the inguinal canal and into the scrotum
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Inguinal hernia
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Along the suture line of a prior abdominal surgical incision
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Incisional hernia
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Inflammation and infection of the peritoneum. Occurs when an ulcer, diverticulum, or cancerous tumor eats through the wall of the stomach or intestines, or when an appendix ruptures
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Peritonitis
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an open sore on an external or internal surface of the body, caused by a break in the skin or mucous membrane that fails to heal.
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Ulcer
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an outpouching of a hollow (or a fluid-filled) structure in the body. Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, they are described as being either true or false. In medicine, the term usually implies the structure is not normally present.
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Diverticulum
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the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organs.
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Peritoneum
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Accumulation of protein-containing (ascitic) fluid in the abdominopelvic cavity. Can be caused by the pressure increases associated with liver disease and congestive heart failure, which push liquid out of blood and into the cavity
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Ascites
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Chronic, progressive inflammation that results in irreversible degeneration of the liver, with swelling of cells (nodules) and scarring
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Cirrhosis
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Inflammation and infection of the liver resulting from the Hepatitis virus
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Hepatitis
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Acute, short-lived infection Most hosts recover completely Infectious
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Hepatitis A
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Acute infection but if chronic it may not show up for up to 20 years in which it is contagious
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Hepatitis B / Serum hepatitis
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Begins as an acute infection but develops into a chronic condition Caused by exposure to needles or the blood of an infected person NOT transmitted sexually or from mother to fetus
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Hepatitis C
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Secondary infection that is caused by a mutated hepatitis virus (Hep B)
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Hepatitis D / Delta Hepatitis
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Similar to Hep A Rare in the USA
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Hepatitis E
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Enlargement of the liver due to cirrhosis, hepatitis or cancer
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Hepatomegaly
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Yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes Caused by high bilirubin content
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Jaundice
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Acute or chronic inflammation of the bile ducts due to cirrhosis or gallstones
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Cholangitis
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Acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder. Acute is caused by a gallstone blocking the cystic duct of the gallbladder Chronic is caused when a gallstone partially blocks the duct, causing backup of bile and thickening of the gallbladder wall
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Cholecystitis
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One or more gallstones present in the gallbladder
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Cholelithiasis
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Formed in the gallbladder when bile is too concentrated
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Gallstones
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Inflammation or infection of the pancreas. Occurs when a gallstone blocks the lower bile duct and and pancreatic enzymes back up the pancreas
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Pancreatitis
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Inflammation, infection, abdominal pain and fever caused by feces trapped in the diverticulum
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Diverticulitis
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Bacterial infection caused by a strain of E. Coli Characterized by watery diarrhea with blood and mucus
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Dysentery
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A food allergy and toxic reaction to the gluten protein in breads and grains
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Gluten Sensitivity Enteropathy / Celiac Disease
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Chronic inflammation of various parts of the small and large intestines Symptoms are diarrhea, bloody feces, fever and abdominal cramps Can be one of two types: -Crohn's Disease or -Ulcerative Colitis
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease / IBD
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Affects the ileum and colon Some areas have normal mucosa, others have inflamed lining Ulcers and thickening of the intestinal wall can cause blockage as well
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Crohn's Disease / Regional Enteritis
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Affects the colon and rectum Causes inflammation and ulcers
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Ulcerative colitis
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Disorder of the function of the colon The mucosa/lining never shows any signs of inflammation
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome / IBS
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Small, fleshy, benign or precancerous growth in the mucosa of the colon
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Polyp
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A polyp that has a thin stalk that supports an irregular, ball shaped top
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Pedunculated polyp
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A mound with a broad base
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Sessile Polyp
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An inherited condition in which family members have multiple colon polyps
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Benign familial polypsis
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Swollen, protruding veins either (internal) in the rectum or (external) on the skin around the anus. Caused by increased intra-abdominal pressure from straining during a bowel movement
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Hemorrhoids
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Inflammation of the rectum due to radiation therapy, ulcers or infection
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Proctitis
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Protruding wall of the anus pushes on the adjacent vaginal wall, causing it to collapse inward and block the vaginal canal
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Rectocel
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Failure to have regular, soft bowel movements
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Constipation
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Severe, unrelieved constipation that can lead to mechanical obstruction of the bowel
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Obstipation
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Hardened feces that becomes a stonelike mass Can form in appendix or diverticulum
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Fecalith
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Abnormally loose, frequent and sometimes watery feces
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Diarrhea
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Presence of excessive flatus in the stomach or intestines
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Flatulence
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Bright blood in feces Could be from ulcer, cancer, etc
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Hematochezia
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Dark, tar like feces that contains digested blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach
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Melena
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Inability to voluntarily control bowel movements
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Incontinence
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Greasy, frothy, foul smelling feces containing undigested fats. Caused by a lack of lipase due to pancreatic disease or cystic fibrosis
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Steatorrhea
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Fibrous bands that form after abdominal surgery, bind the intestines to each other or other organs Can be so tight that peristalsis or intestinal function is affected
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Adhesions
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Weakness in the muscle of the diaphragm or abdominal wall that the intestine bulges through. Many different types
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Hernia
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Pertaining to stomach and intestines
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Gastrointestinal
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Pertaining to the breakdown of food
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Digestive
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Pertaining to food and nourishment
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Alimentary
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Mucous membrane that lines the GI tract and produces mucus
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Mucosa
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Large muscle in oral cavity Contains receptors for taste and helps mix food around with saliva
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Tongue
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Fleshy hanging part of the soft palate Plays a role in speech and during swallowing, can initiate gag reflex to prevent choking and/or death
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Uvula
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Area of the brain that receives and interprets taste from the tongue
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Gustatory cortex
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3: -Parotid (by ear) -Sublingual (under tongue) -Sub mandibular (below jaw)
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Salivary Glands
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Swallowing
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Deglutition
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Lower Esophageal Sphincter -> Cardia -> Fundus -> Body -> Pylorus -> Pyloric Sphincter
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Order of Stomach
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Deep folds within the stomach lining that expand when the stomach fills
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Rugae
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Semisolid mixture of food, saliva, digestive enzymes and stomach fluid
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Chyme
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3 -Lactase -Maltase -Sucrase
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Small Intestine Enzymes
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Duodenum -> Jejunum -> Ileum
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Order of Small Intestine
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10 inch, C shaped segment from stomach to jejunum Digestive enzymes from gallbladder and pancreas flow here through ducts
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Duodenum
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8 foot segment that repeatedly twists and turns in the abdominal cavity Digestion continues with peristalsis
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Jejunum
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12 foot segment where absorption of nutrients is completed Contains villi that project into lumen to maximize absorption of nutrients and water into blood
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Ileum
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Cecum -> Colon -> rectum -> anus
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Order of Large Intestine
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Pouches in the wall of the large intestine that enlarge to accommodate the bulk of undigested material/feces
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Haustra
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Ascending, Transverse, Descending, Sigmoid
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Colon Quadrants
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Contains the largest organs (viscera) of the GI system
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Watery fluid that fills the space in between organs and allows them to slide past each other during the movements of digestion
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Peritoneal Fluid
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Enzyme from villi in small intestine that breaks down lactose
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Lactase
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Hormone secreted by duodenum when fatty chyme is present Stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile
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Cholecystokinin
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Stomach acid, strong, breaks down food fibers, converts pepsinogen to active form pepsin to break down proteins, kills microorganisms in food
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Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
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Inactive form of the pepsin enzyme
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Pepsinogen
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Active form of the enzyme that breaks down proteins
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Pepsin
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Hormone Stimulates the release of more HCl and pepsinogen in stomach
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Gastrin
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Process by which bile breaks down fat droplets into smaller fat droplets
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Emulsification
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Gas produced by bacteria in the digestive system
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Flatus
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Difficulty and pain eating or swallowing
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Dysphagia
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Excessive overeating due to an overactive thyroid gland, diabetes mellitus or psychological issue
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Polyphagia
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Inflammation and cracking of the lips and corners of mouth due to infection, allergies or nutritional deficiencies (Fe, B, folate etc)
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Cheilitus
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A stone (sialolith) that forms in the salivary gland and becomes lodged in the duct
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Sialolithiasis
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Calcified mass formed in a salivary gland that could block a duct and cause sialolithiasis
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Sialolith
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Inflammation of the oral mucosa
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Stomatisis
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Indigestion or epigastric pain that may be accompanied by gas or nausea
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Dyspepsia
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Swollen, protruding veins in the mucosa of the lower esophagus or stomach Usually caused by liver disease
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Esophageal Varices
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Acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach Caused by spicy foods, excess acid or bacterial infection
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Gastritis
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Acute inflammation or infection of the stomach due to a flu virus or a bacterium
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Gastroenteritis
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Acute inflammation or irritation due to reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - GERD
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Temporary inflammation of the esophagus due to reflux of stomach acid
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Heartburn / Pyrosis
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Vomiting of blood due to bleeding in stomach or esophagus
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Hematemesis
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Chronic irritation, burning pain and erosion of the mucosa to form an ulcer
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Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
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Abnormal absence of peristalsis in the small and large intestines
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Ileus
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The procedure of telescoping one segment of intestine inside the lumen of the next
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Intussusception
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Twisting of the intestine around itself due to a structural abnormality in the mesentery
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Volvulus
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A set of continuous tissue that attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall
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Mesentery
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Inflammation and infection of the appendix Undigested material becomes trapped in the lumen of appendix
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Appendicitis
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Common disorder in babies Cramping/abdominal pain soon after eating
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Colic
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Supports the stomach and hangs down as a fatty apron to cover and protect the small intestine
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Omentum
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Off of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas
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Celiac Trunk
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Liver cells that continuously produce bile
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Hepatocytes
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Yellow/green, bitter, thick fluid produced by liver along with a mix of acids, mucus, fluids and 2 pigments: bilirubin and biliverden These all flow through the common hepatic duct and into the common bile duct to duodenum to assist in digestion
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Bile
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Small sac organ behind liver. Concentrates and stores bile from liver. Presence of fatty chyme in duodenum causes the gallbladder to contract, sending bile into the common bile duct and then duodenum to digest fats
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Gall bladder
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Gland located behind the stomach Presence of food in the duodenum causes the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes: amylase, lipase, etc. through the pancreatic duct and into the duodenum
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Pancreas
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Digestive enzyme in saliva that begins carb digestion in mouth Also secreted by pancreas to finish carb digestion in small intestine
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Amylase
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Digestive enzyme secreted by pancreas to digest fats into fatty acids in the duodenum
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Lipase
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The number of times a woman has been pregnant, regardless of outcome
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Gravida (x)
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The number of viable pregnancies a woman has had (>20 weeks)
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Para (x)
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Status Post - the client has had procedure or event in the past
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s/p
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Examination of head, eyes, ears, nose and throat
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HEENT
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Surgical creation of an opening through abdomen front and wall of jejunum
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jejunostomy
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Smaller than ice cubes, pieces of ice that are usually provided to those pre surgery, in order to control how fast a person intakes water and to prevent oral sores
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Ice chips
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Condition of swelling and soreness in mouth
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Stomatitis
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to swell or cause to swell by inside pressure
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Distend
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Stimulating or affecting the production and activity of insulin
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Insulinotropic
