CS8 Midterm #1 – Flashcards
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Computer
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A device that performs the information processing cycle.
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Hardware
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physical parts of the computer
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Software
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the programs that instruct the computer
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System software
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programs that assist with proper functioning
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application software
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programs used to perform tasks
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Input
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First operation of the information- processing cycle , enables comp to accept data
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Data
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Facts that are raw and unorganized
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Processing
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second operation of the information-processing cycle
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input devices
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keyboard or mouse, the way data is entered into a computer
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Output
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Third Operation of the information processing cycle
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Storage
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Holds programs, software, and data. Fourth operation of the information cycle
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Types of Computer
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Computer for individual, Computers for organization, PC, Desktops, Notebook Computers Subnotebook, Netbook, and Smartphones
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clients
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users computer
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A client/servers network
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the use of client comp w.centralized servers
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Midrange servers
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meets the need of small computers
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Mainframes
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Meets the needs of large companies
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Supercomputers
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able to perform extremely high speed processing and show underlying patterns
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Wiki
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Allows anyone to contribute or modify content on a web page
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Social Interaction
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Instant Messaging, and Twitters
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Social Networks
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Facebook and Myspace
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Errors
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Cause programs to run slowly or miscalculate
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Bugs
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Cause errors and are almost impossible to eliminate
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Automation
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Replacement of people by machines and computers
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Structural Unemployment
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The Obsolescence of certain jobs
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E-Waste
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Proper disposal of outdated computer hardware
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Bit
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Smallest piece of data
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Byte
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Eight bits equal a byte
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Characters
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Cinverted into numbers the computers understands
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Character Code
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Performs the conversion code
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Aschii
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Used by most Computers, English Only
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Erodic
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Used by IBM, English Only
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Unicode
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A new coding system that can symbolize all the worlds written languages
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Motherboard
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Printed circuit board that contains the electrical circuitry
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control unit
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retrieves instructions from memory
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fetch
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retrieves the next program instruction from the computer memory
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decode
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determines what the program is telling the computer
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Execute
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Performs the requested action
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Arithmetic Logic Unit
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Performs arithmetic and logical operations
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Arithmetic Operation
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involves adding , or subtracting
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Logical Operation
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involves comparisons between two or more data
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Registers
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Stores data when it must be temporary
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Data Bus
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Group of parallel wires that connect the CPU internal component
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Word Size
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the maximum number of bits the CPU can process at once
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Clock Speed
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the measurement of the electrical pulse generated by the system clock and is usually measured in gigahertz
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Superscalar Architecture
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enables the CPU to process more than one instruction to be executed for each cycle
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Pipelining
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enables the CPU to process more than one instruction at a time
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Parallel Processing
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a method in which more than one processor performs at the same time
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Random Access Memory
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Temp stores data and instruction to be used by the CPU
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Memory Address
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A way to identify and locate stored data
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Read Only Memory
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contains pre recorded instructions used to start the computer
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Cache Memory
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a small unit of fast memory built into the processor to improve performance
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Primary Cache
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Faced in the microprocessor chip
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Secondary Cache
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Located in circuit board
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Virtual Memory
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A file or the hard drive is used as an extension or RAM
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Legacy Technology
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Older technology that is being phased out
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Input
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Any data or instructions that are entered into a computer
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Keyboard
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most common input device
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Key Matrix
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a grid of circuits located under the keys
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character map
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a chart that tells the processor what key has been passed
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Monitors
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Display copy of processed data
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Pixel
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A single dot on the screen
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Resolution
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The sharpness of an image
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Flat Panel Displays
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Thin profile, used with newer desktops and notebooks
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Dot Matrix Printers
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Prints Huge Amounts quickly
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Plotters
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More advanced printers that print in extreme detail
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Hard Disk Drive
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Longest type of secondary storage
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File Allocation Table
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Table created by older version of Microsoft Windows
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Partition
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Portion of a hard disk set aside as id it were physically seperate disk
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Bad Sectors
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Damaged portions of the disk that cannot reliably hold data
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Access time
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The overall time it takes to read data from a storage device
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Disk Cache
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Type of cache memory
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Network attached Storage
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A form of storage of data by any computer connected to the network
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Flash Memory
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Nonvolatile and an electronic memory that stores data in blocks on a chip
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Remote Storage
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On a server that is available through the internet
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Flash Drive
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Storage device that uses solid state circuitry, no moving parts
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Flash Memory Cards
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Type of solid-state storage device
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Smart Cards
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Combines flash memory w/a small microprocessor
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Lands
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The flat reflective areas, a binary 1
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Pits
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Indentations, a binary 0
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Racetrack Memory
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Uses spins of electrons, underdevelopement to replace flash memory and hard drives
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Front Panel
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Power Switch, Drive Activity Light, Power on Light
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Port
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An Interface used to send data into and retrieve data from the computer
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Integrated Circuit
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Includes millions of transistors and carries electrical current
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Binary Numbers
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Includes only 0's and 1's
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Transistor
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A switch that is able to control the electrical signal flow to the circuit
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Form Factor
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Specifies how the internal components are located within the system unit
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Input/Output Bus
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Provides a means to communicate with input and output devices
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Chipset
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Set of chips that collectively supply the switching circuitry the CPU requires to move data throughout the computer
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Connector
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Physical receptacle where the user can plug a peripheral device into the computer
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Hexadecimal number
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Use the numbers O throgh q, followed by letters A through F
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System Unit
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Case that contains the major hardware components of a computer
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Storage
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The process of saving software and data
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Computer System
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A group of associated components that work together
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Communications
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High speed movement of data or information
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Communication Device
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Hardware component that moves data into and out of a computer
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Professional Workstations
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Intended for technical applications that need powerful processing and output
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E-Learning
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Allows students to learn without requiring them to be at a specific location at a specific time
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Computer ethics
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Deals with moral dilemmas relating to computer usage
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Information
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Refers to consolidated, organized, processed data
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NIC (Network interface card)
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System unit hardware that house the electronic components used to connect a computer to a network
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Personal computer (micro computer)
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meets the computing needs of an individual
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desktop
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designed to be used on a desk or office environment.
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servers
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enables users connected to a computer network to have access to the networks programs, hardware, and data
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the central processing unit (CPU)
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processes data into information
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Random access memory (RAM)
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temporarily stores programs and data needed by CPU
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output device
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monitors and printers ; display results for people to see and hear
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storage devices
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hard drives, CD, and DVD reader ; used to store information
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network
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connects two or more computers to share input/output device and other resources through the use of a network interface card
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e learning
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allows students to learn without requiring them to be at a specific location at a specific time
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info overload
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a feeling of anxiety and incapacity experienced when people are presented with more information than they can handle
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ergonomics
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the field of study that is concerned with the fit between people, their equipment, and their work
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digital piracy
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the unauthorized reproduction and distribution of computer based media
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structural unemployment
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results when advancing technology makes entire job categories obsolete
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all in one computer
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more compact version of desktop. system unit and monitor combined into one
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notebook
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computer designed to provide data processing ability for the mobile user
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PDA (personal digital assistant)
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early hand held device. Has software for managing contacts, scheduling appointments, and sending and receiving email
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smartphone
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combine the capabilities of a hand held computer with mobile phone capability, and web access
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sub-notebook
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run full desktop operating systems but have fewer components, weigh less , and are smaller than notebooks.
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tablet pc's
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can be used to input data with a keyboard or mouse, and the user can write on the monitor with a special pen or stylus
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netbook
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small, inexpensive notebooks designed primarily for wireless web browsing and email
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professional workstations
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intended for technical applications that need powerful processing and output
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bit
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the smallest piece of data a computer can work with
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byte
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eight bits, signify a single unit of storage
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floating point notation
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has no fixed # of digits before or after a decimal point. enables a computer to work speedily with very large or small #. Requires special processing circuitry
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motherboard
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the printed circuit board that contains the electrical circuitry for the computers
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store
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stores the results
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superscalar architecture
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enables the CPU to perform more than one instruction for each clock cycle
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memory footprint
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reduces amount of RAM the program uses while it operates
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L1 cache
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unit of 8KB to 64 KB of ultra-fast memory , found in the microprocessor chip
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L2 cache
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small unit of 256 KB to 2 MB located in the circuit board
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USB port
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can connect a variety of devices
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fire wire
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offers a high speed connection for dozens of peripheral devices (63)
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parallel ports & serial ports
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used to connect a pc to a printer (old and slower than usb port)
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cursor
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indicates where text will appear when you type
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pointing device
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controls on screen pointers movements
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pointer
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symbol that signifies the command, input, or possible response
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mouse
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the most popular pointing device
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wheel mouse
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a mouse with a wheel
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touch screen
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a display screen that is sensitive to touch
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speech recognitions
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conversions of spoken word into computer text
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OCR
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software to automatically convert scanned text into a text file instead of a BIP mapped image
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OMR
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a scanning device that senses the magnetized marks for your #2 pencil to determine which responses you marked
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monitors
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display a temporary copy (soft copy) of processed data
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CRT monitor
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grid of millions of dots called pixels
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LCD
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thin profile. Used for newer desktops. Rapidly replacing CRT monitor. May accommodate high definition video
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active matrix monitors
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used for better on screen quality
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tracks
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concentric bonds where hard disks record data
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Sector
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tracks are divided into these
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NAS
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a form of storage that permits retrieval or storage of data by any compute connected to a network
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Access time
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amount of time it take a device from a request for the info to the delivery of that info
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CD ROM & DVD ROM
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storage devices where data can be read but not altered
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CD drive and DVD drive
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Read only disk drives that read data encoded on CDs and DVDs and transfer this data to the computer
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Printer
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Supply a hard copy of output displayed on a computers monitor
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Inkjet Printer
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provide excellent images made up of small dots ( advantage -- inexpensive, generate professional color output dis advantage -- relatively slow )
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Laser printer
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use electronic reproductive technology to produce high quality output (advantage -- print faster than inkjet ; black and white printing less per page than inkjet disadvantage -- color laser printers are expensive )
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Dot Matrix Printers
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used mostly for printing multipart forms and back up copies (advantages -- able to print 3,000 lines per minute disadvantage -- loud , poor print quality )
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Thermal transfer printers
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thermal wax , uses a heat process to transfer an impression onto paper ( advantages -- high quality images , popular for mobile printing disadvantages -- the high quality versions are expensive
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Photo printers
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used to print quality pictures , often inkjet printers
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Plotters
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produce image through moving pens , used for map making
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Holographic storage
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may make high density storage possible, able to create 3 dimensional images
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Pits
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microscopic indentations on a CD or DVD that scatter the lasers light in certain areas. a binary of 0
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Lands
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flat reflective areas that bounce the ligh back to a light sensing device ; binary 1
