question

Addiction

answer

Continued involvement with a substance or activity despite its ongoing negative consequences

question

Tolerance

answer

Progressively larger doses of a drug or more intense involvement in a behavior are needed to produce the desired effects

question

Withdrawal

answer

A series of temporary physical and psychological symptoms that occur when an addict abruptly abstains from an addictive chemical or behavior

question

Physiological Dependence

answer

Dependency of the mind on a substance or behavior that can lead to psychological withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety, irritability, or cravings

question

Psychological Dependence

answer

The adaptive state of brain and body processes that occurs with regular addictive behavior and results in withdrawal if the addictive behavior stops

question

Compulsion

answer

Preoccupation with a behavior and an overwhelming need to perform it

question

Obsession

answer

Excessive preoccupation with an addictive substance or behavior

question

Loss of Control

answer

Inability to predict reliably whether any isolated occurrence of the behavior will be healthy or damaging

question

Negative Consequences of Addiction

answer

Physical damage, legal trouble, financial problems, academic failure, or family dissolution, which do not occur with healthy involvement in any behavior

question

Denial

answer

Inability to perceive or accurately interpret the self-destructive effects of an addictive behavior

question

Habit

answer

A repeated behavior in which the repetition may be unconscious, can be broken

question

Codependence

answer

A self-defeating relationship pattern in which a person helps or encourages addictive behavior in another

question

How is Codependence defined?

answer

lack of ability to set boundaries, Living in a chaotic, crisis-oriented mode, Assuming responsibility for meeting others' needs to the point of subordinating own needs or even being unaware of personal needs (let their own needs be sacrificed)

question

Enablers

answer

Knowingly or unknowingly protect addicts from the consequences of their behavior

question

Process Addictions

answer

Dependent on (addicted to) some mood-altering behavior or process. Examples: Gambling, Compulsive buying, Compulsive exercise, Compulsive Internet or technology use

question

Disordered Gambling

answer

A set of behaviors including: Preoccupation with gambling, Unsuccessful efforts to cut back or quit, Using gambling to escape problems, Lying to family members to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling. Biological component

question

How many people in the US are compulsive gamblers?

answer

2 million, 6 million more considered to be "at risk" to develop gambling addiction

question

Compulsive Buying Disorder

answer

Shopping is often used as a way to make people feel better about themselves, but for some people it becomes compulsive buying disorder

question

Symptoms of Compulsive Buying Disorder

answer

Buying more than one of the same item, Keeping items in the closet with tags attached, Repeatedly buying more than is needed or can be afforded, Hiding purchases from relatives and loved ones

question

Exercise Addiction Warning Signs

answer

Always works out alone, following the same rigid pattern. Exercises for more than 2 hours daily, repeatedly, and when sick or injured. Focuses on weight loss or calories burned. Exercises to the point of pain and beyond. Skips work, class, or social activities for workouts.

question

Internet Addiction

answer

Compulsive use of the computer, PDA, cell phone, or other form of technology to access the Internet for activities such as e-mail, games, shopping, and blogging.

question

How many internet users are considered addicted?

answer

1 in 8

question

What % of college students report that Internet use and computer games have interfered with academic performance?

answer

11

question

Drugs

answer

Nonfood, nonnutritional substances that are intended to affect the structure or function of the mind or body through chemical action

question

Drug Misuse

answer

Use for purpose not intended

question

Drug Abuse

answer

Excessive use

question

What % of Americans report being currently addicted?

answer

9

question

By late adolescence, what % have used an illicit drug?

answer

42

question

What % of high school students have taken a prescription without doctor supervision?

answer

21

question

What is the brains "pleasure circuit"?

answer

mesolimbic dopamine system

question

Neurotransmitter

answer

A chemical that relays messages between nerve cells or from nerve cells to other body cells

question

Psychoactive Drugs

answer

Affect brain chemistry and have the potential to alter mood or behavior

question

Prescription

answer

Obtained only with a prescription from a licensed physician (ex: painkillers)

question

Over-the-counter (OTC)

answer

No prescription needed

question

Recreational

answer

Most are legal substances

question

Herbal Preparations

answer

Products of plant origin

question

Illicit (Illegal)

answer

All are psychoactive

question

Commercial

answer

Found in commercially sold products

question

Oral Ingestion

answer

Through the mouth

question

Inhalation

answer

Through the respiratory tract

question

Injection

answer

Into the body via a hypodermic needle

question

Intravenous

answer

into bloodstream (most common, quick effect. Also most dangerous)

question

Intramuscular

answer

into muscle

question

Subcutaneous

answer

just under the skin

question

Transdermal

answer

Through the skin (absorb through skin, ex: niccotine patch)

question

Suppositories

answer

Mixtures of drugs and a waxy medium designed to melt at body temperature after being inserted into the anus or vagina

question

Polydrug Use

answer

Use of multiple medications, vitamins, recreational drugs, or illicit drugs simultaneously

question

Synergism (Potentiation)

answer

Interaction of two or more drugs that produces more profound effects than would be expected if the drugs were taken separately

question

Inhibition

answer

Effects of one drug are reduced or eliminated by the presence of another at the same receptor site

question

Antagonism

answer

Drugs work at same receptor site so that one drug blocks the action of another

question

Intolerance

answer

When two or more drugs combine to produce extremely uncomfortable reactions

question

Cross-Tolerance

answer

Development of a tolerance for one drug creates a similar reaction to another, similar drug

question

What % of college students reported trying any drug; the vast majority used marijuana?

answer

over 50

question

What are college offices concerned about?

answer

the link between substance abuse and poor academic performance

question

Why Do Some College Students Use Drugs?

answer

Positive expectations, Genetics and family history, Substance use in high school (2/3 of addicts began using a substance in high school), Mental health problems, Sorority and fraternity membership

question

Why Don't Some College Students Use Drugs?

answer

Parental attitudes and behavior, Religion and spirituality, Student engagement, College athletics (more likely to drink but less likely to use illegal drugs), Healthy social network (espicaly when it encourages to nto use drugs)

question

Stimulants

answer

Increase activity of the central nervous system

question

Cocaine

answer

Binds to receptor sites in central nervous system, producing intense pleasure; euphoria quickly subsides

question

Method use of Cocaine

answer

Snorting, Smoking, Injecting, Freebase, Crack

question

Amphetamines

answer

A large and varied group of synthetic agents that stimulate the central nervous system (CNS). High potential for abuse.

question

Amphetamines used for medicinal purposes:

answer

Ritalin and Adderall are used for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

question

Methamphetamine

answer

Affects brain and CNS Euphoria lasts 6 to 8 hours

question

Methods of use for methamphetamine:

answer

Snorted, injected, smoked, and ingested

question

Short-term effects of Methamphetamine:

answer

Increased physical activity, alertness, rapid breathing, increased body temperature, insomnia, tremors, anxiety, confusion, and decreased appetite

question

Long-term effects of Methamphetamine:

answer

Severe weight loss, cardiovascular damage, anxiety, confusion, insomnia

question

Caffeine

answer

A stimulant drug that is legal in the United States and found in many coffees, teas, chocolates, energy drinks, and certain medications

question

Side effects of Caffeine

answer

wakefulness, insomnia, irregular heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, indigestion, mild delirium, and heartburn

question

Let down of Caffeine

answer

mentally/physically depressed, exhausted, weak

question

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

answer

The chemical name for the active ingredient in marijuana

question

Medicinal purposes of THC

answer

Controls nausea and vomiting, Improves appetite, Forestalls loss of lean muscle mass associated with AIDS Reduces muscle pain and spasticity caused by MS

question

Frequent/long-term use of THC

answer

may increase risk for testicular cancer, serious mental health problems, suppressed immune system, and impaired memory

question

Depressants

answer

Drugs that slow down the activity of the central nervous and muscular systems and cause sleepiness or calmness. Alcohol (most commonly used), Opioids, Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates

question

Opioids (Narcotics)

answer

Drugs that induce sleep, relieve pain, and produce euphoria; includes derivatives of opium and synthetics with similar chemical properties. Include morphine, codeine, heroin.

question

Physical effects of opioids

answer

Depress CNS and lower heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure. Cause weakness, dizziness, nausea, euphoria, visual disturbances, lack of coordination

question

Endorphins

answer

Opioid-like hormones that are manufactured in the human body and contribute to natural feelings of well-being

question

Benzodiazepines (Tranquilizers)

answer

A class of CNS drugs with sedative, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant effects

question

Barbiturates

answer

Drugs that depress the CNS, have sedative and hypnotic effects, and are less safe than benzodiazepines

question

"Sedative-hypnotic" drugs

answer

Synergistic effect. Can produce physical and psychological dependence in several weeks. Cross-tolerance is a complication specific to sedatives.

question

Rohypnol

answer

A tranquilizer and "date rape" drug. Produces a sedative effect, amnesia, muscle relaxation, and slowed psychomotor responses. Added to punch and other drinks at parties in hopes of lowering women's inhibitions and facilitating potential sexual conquests.

question

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)

answer

CNS depressant known to have euphoric, sedative, and anabolic (body-building) effects. Another "date rape" drug. Side effects include loss of memory, unconsciousness, amnesia, hallucinations, and death.

question

Hallucinogens

answer

Substances capable of creating auditory or visual distortions and unusual changes in mood, thoughts, and feelings

question

Synesthesia

answer

An effect, which can be created by a drug, in which sensory messages are incorrectly assigned (hear colors, smell tastes)

question

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

answer

Physical effects: Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature; perspiration; chills; headaches, nausea. Euphoria (good) or dysphoria (bad). Distortions in perception.

question

Club Drugs

answer

Synthetic analogs that produce similar effects of existing drugs

question

Ecstasy (MDMA)

answer

Feelings of extreme euphoria, openness, and warmth. Risks include inappropriate emotional bonding, jaw clenching, tongue and cheek chewing, short-term memory loss or confusion. Chronic use can damage the brain. Combined with alcohol, Ecstasy can be fatal.

question

PCP - Phencyclidine

answer

Effects depend on dose and include slurred speech, impaired coordination, fever, nausea, and total loss of sensitivity to pain. Doses greater than 10 mg can cause convulsions and death. Can produce euphoria or dysphoria.

question

Mescaline

answer

It is a powerful hallucinogen and CNS stimulant. Generally induces immediate vomiting. Effects within 30 - 90 minutes after consumption; may persist up to 9 or 10 hours.

question

Inhalants

answer

Chemical vapors that are sniffed or inhaled to produce highs. Legal to purchase and not commonly recognized as drugs, though dangerous when used incorrectly. Users experience dizziness, disorientation, impaired coordination and judgment; combined with alcohol, may be fatal.

question

Examples of Inhalants

answer

glue, paint thinner, and rubber cement.

question

Ergogenic Drugs

answer

Substances believed to enhance athletic performance

question

Anabolic Steroids

answer

Artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone that promote muscle growth and strength. Produce state of euphoria, diminished fatigue, and increase bulk and power in both sexes.

question

What are the two forms of Anabolic Steroids?

answer

Injectable solutions or pills

question

Effects of Anabolic Steroids in women?

answer

large doses trigger development of male attributes

question

Effects of Anabolic Steroids in men?

answer

shut down testosterone production, causing men's breasts to grow and testicles to atrophy

question

T/F. Very low levels of alcohol may lower some health risks in older adults?

answer

True

question

What % of all Americans consume alcoholic beverages regularly?

answer

half

question

Do men or women typically drink more?

answer

men

question

What group is more likely to drink daily or nearly daily than other groups?

answer

European-Americans

question

As age increases, what happens to the number of people who consume alcohol regularly?

answer

Decreases

question

What % of students report having consumed an alcoholic beverage in the past 30 days?

answer

62

question

Binge Drinking

answer

A pattern of drinking alcohol that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 gram-percent or above

question

For a typical adult, what is binge drinking for men?

answer

consuming 5 or more drinks in about 2 hours

question

For a typical adult, what is binge drinking for women?

answer

consuming 4 or more drinks in about 2 hours

question

Of college students, what % engages in binge drinking?

answer

39

question

Alcohol exacerbates risk for what?

answer

suicide, automobile crashes, and falls

question

Pre-Gaming

answer

A strategy of drinking heavily, usually with friends, before going out to parties or bars

question

What % of students engage in drinking games that involve binge drinking?

answer

2/3

question

Drunkorexia

answer

The combination of disordered eating, excessive physical activity and heavy alcohol consumption. Results in: Blackouts, forced or unintended sexual activity, alcohol poisoning.

question

Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)

answer

An additive, intoxicating drug produced by fermentation and the main ingredient in alcoholic beverages

question

Fermentation

answer

Yeast organisms break down plant sugars to yield ethanol

question

Distillation

answer

Alcohol vapors are condensed and mixed with water to make hard alcohol

question

Proof

answer

A measure of the percentage of alcohol in a beverage; double the percentage of alcohol in a drink

question

Standard Drink

answer

The amount of any beverage that contains about 14 grams of pure alcohol

question

What percent of absorption occurs in the stomach?

answer

about 20

question

What percent of absorption occurs in the upper third of small intestine?

answer

about 80

question

Factors that influence absorption

answer

Concentration of the drink, Pylorospasm (spasm of pyloric valve), Amount consumed, Amount of food in the stomach, Mood, Weight and body mass index

question

What is Alcohol converted to in the liver?

answer

acetaldehyde. Converted by enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase. Rapidly oxidized to acetate.

question

What is the breakdown of alcohol?

answer

fairly constant at about 0.5 ounce per hour (about one standard drink)

question

What does Unmetabolized alcohol do?

answer

circulates in the bloodstream until enough time passes for the body to break it down

question

Alcohol contains how many calories per gram?

answer

7

question

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)

answer

Ratio of alcohol to total blood volume; used to measure the physiological and behavioral effects of alcohol

question

Learned Behavioral Tolerance

answer

The ability of heavy drinkers to modify behavior so that they appear to be sober even when they have high BAC levels

question

A drinker's BAC depends on

answer

Weight and body fat, The water content in the body tissues, The concentration of alcohol in the beverage consumed, Alcohol concentration is higher in people with more body fat, Women have half as much alcohol dehydrogenase as men.

question

Hangover

answer

The physiological reaction to excessive drinking, including headache, upset stomach, anxiety, depression, diarrhea, and thirst. Occur for more than half of drinkers when BAC reaches 0.11. 20-25% of those who drink enough to reach that level do not experience them.

question

Congeners

answer

Forms of alcohol that are metabolized more slowly than ethanol and produce toxic by-products

question

What % of adults hospitalized for overdoses involve excessive alcohol consumption?

answer

30%

question

Alcohol is involved in what percent of fatal injuries during activities such as boating and swimming?

answer

70

question

Alcohol is involved in what % of fatal injuries due to house fires?

answer

40

question

Alcohol Poisoning (Acute Alcohol Intoxication)

answer

A potentially lethal BAC that inhibits the brain's ability to control consciousness, respiration, and heart rate; usually occurs as the result of drinking a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time.

question

Effects on the nervous system of alcohol

answer

Shrinkage in brain size and weight Loss of intellectual ability

question

Cardiovascular effects of alcohol

answer

Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption is related to reduced risk of coronary artery disease. Drinking too much alcohol is associated with high blood pressure and higher calorie intake.

question

Cancer

answer

Esophagus, stomach, mouth, tongue, liver, breast cancer

question

Long-Term Effects of Alcohol

answer

nervous system, Cardiovascular effects, cancer, and Liver disease.

question

Cirrhosis

answer

The last stage of liver disease associated with chronic heavy use of alcohol, during which liver cells die and damage becomes permanent; fatal

question

Alcoholic Hepatitis

answer

Condition resulting from prolonged use of alcohol, in which the liver is inflammed; can be fatal

question

Teratogenic substances

answer

Cause birth defects

question

What percent of children have been exposed to alcohol in utero?

answer

7.6

question

What percent of pregnant women report binge drinking?

answer

1.4

question

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

answer

A disorder involving physical and mental impairment that may affect the fetus when the mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy. Categorized by Mental retardation, impaired learning, poor memory, small head, tremors, impulsive behaviors, reduced attention span, and abnormalities of face, limbs, heart, and brain.

question

What % of all traffic fatalities in 2010 were alcohol related?

answer

31

question

Among college students, what % drink and drive?

answer

15.1

question

Nicotine

answer

The primary stimulant chemical in tobacco products

question

physiological effects from nicotine

answer

Aroused, alert mental state. Stimulates adrenal glands. Increases heart and perspiratory rates. Constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure.

question

Tar

answer

A thick, brownish sludge condensed from particulate matter in smoked tobacco

question

Carbon Monoxide

answer

A gas found in tobacco smoke that reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen

question

What % of people have tried a cigarette?

answer

60-80, 68 become dependent.

question

Nicotine Poisoning

answer

Symptoms often experienced by beginning smokers, including dizziness, diarrhea, light-headedness, rapid and erratic pulse, clammy skin, nausea, and vomiting

question

Pairing

answer

An environmental cue that triggers nicotine cravings

question

Bidis

answer

Produce three times more carbon monoxide and nicotine and five times more tar than do cigarettes

question

Cigars

answer

Contain 23 poisons and 43 carcinogens

question

Chewing Tobacco

answer

A stringy type of tobacco that is placed in the mouth and then sucked or chewed

question

Dipping

answer

Placing a small amount of chewing tobacco between the lower lip and teeth for rapid nicotine absorption

question

Snuff

answer

A powdered form of tobacco that is sniffed and absorbed through the mucous membranes in the nose or placed inside the cheek and sucked

question

What is the leading cause of cancer death?

answer

Lung

question

What does Cancer risk for smokers depend on?

answer

Amount you smoke per day. When you started smoking. If you inhale deeply when you smoke.

question

Leukoplakia

answer

Leathery white patches inside the mouth, produced by contact with irritants in tobacco juice

question

Platelet Adhesives

answer

Stickiness of red blood cells associated with blood clots

question

Respiratory Disorders of Tobacco Products

answer

Over time, smoking can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

question

Emphysema

answer

A chronic lung disease in which the tiny air sacs in the lungs are destroyed, making breathing difficult

question

Unique Risks for Women from Tobacco Products

answer

Higher rates of osteoporosis, depression, and thyroid-related diseases. Increased risk for blood clots, especially in smoking women who take birth control pills. Heavier menstrual bleeding, longer duration of cramps, less predictable length of menstrual cycle.

question

Other Health Effects of Tobacco Products

answer

Gum disease, macular degeneration, premature skin wrinkling, staining of the teeth, yellowing of fingernails, and bad breath. Nicotine speeds up the process by which the body uses and eliminates drugs, making medication less effective. Smoking significantly increases the risk for Alzheimer's disease.

question

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)

answer

Smoke from tobacco products, including secondhand and mainstream smoke

question

Mainstream Smoke

answer

Drawn through tobacco while inhaling

question

Sidestream Smoke (Secondhand Smoke)

answer

The cigarette, pipe, or cigar smoke breathed by nonsmokers

question

Nicotine Withdrawal

answer

Symptoms, including nausea, headaches, irritability, and intense tobacco cravings, suffered by nicotine-addicted individuals who cease using tobacco

question

Nicotine Replacement Products

answer

Nicotine chewing gum and patches; nasal spray; nicotine inhaler; smoking cessation medications

question

Benefits of Quitting Smoking

answer

Many tissues will repair themselves. Circulation and the senses of taste and smell improve within weeks. Risk of heart attack falls by half after only 1 year without smoking. After 10 smoke-free years, can expect to live out normal life span. Women who quit smoking before 40 avoided more than 90% of the added risk of dying early. A pack-a-day smoker can save about $2,184 per year.

question

Nutrition

answer

The science that investigates the relationship between physiological function and the essential elements of foods eaten

question

Hunger

answer

The physiological impulse to seek food, prompted by a lack or shortage of basic foods needed to provide the energy and nutrients that support health

question

Appetite

answer

The learned desire to eat; normally accompanies hunger, but is more psychological than physiological

question

Other forces of eating

answer

Social/cultural meanings attached to food, convenience/advertising, habit/customs

question

Nutrients

answer

The constituents of food that sustain humans physiologically: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Essential Nutrients, Macronutrients, Micronutrients.

question

Digestive Process

answer

The process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them

question

Recommended Dietary Allowances

answer

Intake levels necessary to meet the nutritional needs of 97-98 percent of healthy individuals

question

Adequate Intake

answer

Average daily nutrient intake by healthy people when there is not enough research to determine an RDA

question

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

answer

Highest amount of a nutrient that can be consumed without the risk of adverse health effects

question

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

answer

Range of intakes for carbohydrates, fat, and protein that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease and that provides adequate levels of essential nutrients

question

Calorie

answer

unit of measure that indicates the amount of energy obtained from a particular food

question

Kilocalorie

answer

1 kilocalorie is equal to 1,000 calories. Most nutrition labels use the word calories to refer to kilocalories.

question

Energy

answer

The capacity to do work

question

Fat

answer

9 calories per gram

question

Carbohydrates/proteins

answer

4 calories per gram

question

Alcohol

answer

7 calories per gram

question

Dehydration

answer

Abnormal depletion of body fluids; a result of lack of water

question

Hypernatremia

answer

Too much water; serious health risk characterized by low sodium levels

HLTH 231-Test 2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards