Corrections test Chapter 5-9 Vocab – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Total Institutions
answer
term coined by Irving Goffman to describe an institution that has total control over all aspects of those confined here
question
No-Frill Policy
answer
inmates will receive the bare minimum of food, services and programs, and medical care required by law
question
Prison Classification
answer
method of assessing inmate risks and needs that balance the security concerns of the institution with treatment needs of the individual
question
External Classification system
answer
Determines the level of security and control needed for the incoming prison population
question
Internal Classification System
answer
determines the cell or housing unit where inmates will be housed as well as facility programs to which they are assigned
question
Big House
answer
a type of large fortress-like prison that dominated corrections in the early part of the twentieth century
question
Gresham Sykes
answer
developed a typology of prison social roles and inmate culture
question
Inmate Code
answer
an unwritten but powerful code regulating inmates' behavior; inmates codes are functional to both inmates and prison administrators because they tend to promote order within the walls.
question
Donald Clemmer
answer
Known for his research at Menard Correctional Center, coined the term prisonization, which defines how inmates learn to adapt to prison while taking on the prison culture.
question
Prisonization
answer
the process by which inmates learn and internalize the customs and culture of prison
question
Prison Culture
answer
the values, norms, and attitudes that inmates form in terms of institutional survival
question
Deprecation Model
answer
a model that views the losses experienced by an inmate during incarceration as one of the costs of imprisonment
question
Importation Model
answer
a model that suggests that the influences prisoners bring into the prison affect their process of imprisonment
question
Situational Model
answer
a model that suggests that prison culture is influenced by situations rather than remaining constant and can very over time and place
question
Administrative-Control Model
answer
a model that contends that the management style of the prison has influenced over what takes place in inmate culture
question
Argot-
answer
a form of slang inmates use in prison settings to express how they feel
question
Prison Gang
answer
a group of inmates who are bound together by mutual interests, have identifiable leadership, and act in concert to achieve a specific purpose that generally includes the conduct of illegal activity
question
Security Threat Groups- (STGs)
answer
the name that law enforcement and corrections officials give to groups that exhibit ganglike activity
question
Contraband
answer
unauthorized materials possessed by prisoners
question
Sexual Victimization
answer
forcing an inmate to submit sexually to one or more inmates
question
Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA)
answer
this act establishes "zero tolerance" for rape in custodial settings, required data collecting settings, required data collection on the incidence of rape in each state, and established a National Prison Rape Elimination Commission
question
Protective Custody
answer
a form of segregation, not for punishment but intended to isolate potential victims from predators
question
Prison Violence
answer
can vary from riots to staff assaults, inmate assaults, staff assaults of inmates, or self-inflected violence
question
Inmate Disturbance
answer
a disturbance, either violent or nonviolent, that brings disruption or even closes down the prison
question
Prison Riot
answer
collective response of inmates that is violent, in which they strike out against what they consider unfair conditions
question
Jail
answer
a facility that is authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanors for periods longer than 48 hours
question
Booking
answer
The process of admitting an arrestee or sentenced misdemeanor to jail
question
Pretrial Release
answer
release from jail or a pretrial detention center pending adjudication of the case
question
Bail Bond
answer
the means, financial or property, used to release a defendant from jail
question
Bail Bondsman
answer
bonding agents lend money for a fee to people who cannot make bail. They normally charge a percentage of the bail amount
question
Release on Own Recognizance (ROR)
answer
the release without bail of defendant who appears to have stable ties in the community and are good risk to appear for trial
question
Unsecured Bail
answer
allows defendants' release without a deposit or bail arranged through a bondsman
question
Percentage Bail
answer
defendants deposit about 10 percent of the bail arranged through a bondsman
question
Third-Custody Bail
answer
takes place when the court assigns custody of the defendant to an individual or agency that promises to ensure his or her appearance in court
question
Signature Bond
answer
generally given for minor offenses and based on the defendant's written promise to appear in court
question
Supervised Release
answer
requires more frequent contact with pretrial officers, phone calls, and officer interviews
question
Manhattan Bail Project
answer
a Vera Institute of Justice program that provided ROR release for eligible defendants, which influenced later bail reform movements
question
Bail Reform Act of 1966
answer
federal legislation that further spurred the bail reform movement by urging pretrial release for all noncapital cases unless the defendant appeared unlikely to appear in court
question
Bail Reform Act of 1984
answer
this federal act formalized preventive detention provisions for those considered dangerous or unlikely to return to court
question
Preventive Detention
answer
retaining in jail defendants who are deemed dangerous or likely to commit crimes while awaiting trial
question
First-Generation Jail
answer
focuses on staff providing linear/intermittent surveillance of inmates, which they do by patrolling the corridors and observing inmate sin their cells
question
Second-Generation Jails
answer
staff use remote supervision as they remain in a secure control booth surrounded by inmate pods or living areas
question
New-Generation Jail
answer
a facility with a podular architectural design that emphasizes the interaction of inmates and staff
question
Suicide Watch Programs
answer
inmates are placed in special cells and are supervised more frequently, usually every 30 minutes or less.
question
Penal Harm
answer
a current movement that believes the purpose of corrections is to punish offenders as severely as possible
question
Richardson v McKnight
answer
supreme court held that correctional officers employed by a private firm are not entitled to a qualified immunity from suit by prisoners, charging a section 1983 violation
question
Correctional Services Corp v Malesko
answer
defines the protections and rights of inmates in private corporations' facilities
question
Minimum-Security Prison
answer
a prison with relaxed perimeter security, sometimes without fences or any other means of external security
question
Medium-Security Prisons
answer
a prison with single or double fencing, guarded towers or closed circuit television monitoring, sally-port entrances, and zonal security systems to control inmate movement within the institution
question
Maximum-Security Prisons
answer
a prison in which complete control of any and all prisoners can by applied at any time
question
Segregation
answer
a punishment unit in which inmates are separated from other inmates and are fed in their cells. Unlike the past, inmates must be adequately fed and permitted some time out of their cells to exercise
question
Supermax Prison
answer
most secure of all prison systems, in which there is typically a 23-hour lockdown
question
Madrid v Gomez
answer
the judges in this case found that staff at the Pelican Bay Prison in California has used excessive and unnecessary force on inmates
question
Radial Design
answer
in this wheel-shaped configuration, corridors radiate like spokes from a control center at the hub
question
Telephone-Pole Design
answer
this prison has a long central corridor serving as the means for prisoners to go from one part of the prison to another. Extending out from the corridor are cross-arms containing housing, schools, shops, and recreation areas.
question
Courtyard Style Design
answer
a prison design in which corridors surround a courtyard. Housing, educational, vocational, recreational, prison industry, and dining areas face the courtyard.
question
Proactive Warden
answer
an approach to prison management that is focused on anticipating problems before they occur.
question
Elizabeth Fry
answer
Quaker who brought reform to women confined in prison
question
Ward and Kassebaum
answer
classic study that claimed women adapted to imprisonment by forming homosexual alliances
question
Butch
answer
the dominant, or male, role in a homosexual relationship in the prison society
question
Femme
answer
the docile, or female, role in a homosexual relationship in the prison society
question
Giallomardo
answer
classic study that identified that women were involved in fictive families in adapting to imprisonment
question
Fictive Families
answer
a grouping of unrelated individuals who have assumed the traditional family role of mother, father, grandparent, and so on
question
Hefferman
answer
classic study that found the presence of fictive families in women's adaptation to prison life
question
Kinship Networks
answer
a type of prison socialization in which women deal with incarceration by becoming part of make-believe families
question
The Mix
answer
Owen's term for women's involvement in problematic prison behaviors and activities
question
Human Rights Watch
answer
an international nongovernmental organization that is concerned with the rights of individuals, such as prisoners
question
Correctional Counselor
answer
the chief treatment officer in many correctional institutions, both male and female
question
Bill of Rights
answer
the name given to the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution, which they are looked upon as fundamentally important in the processing of criminal defendants
question
Statutes
answer
states may award rights to prisoners beyond those granted by the US Constitution or state constitution
question
Case Law
answer
the body of judicial precedent that is built on legal reasoning and previous interpretations of statutory laws
question
Landmark Decision
answer
when a precedent establishes an important principle, or represents a change or new law
question
Habeas Corpus
answer
a Latin expression meaning "you have the body". A writ of habeas corpus brings a person before a court or judge to determine the legality of his or her restraint in custody
question
Hands-Off Doctrine
answer
the idea that persons sentenced to prison are not entitled to the same constitutional protections enjoyed before conviction
question
Restraining Hands Doctrine
answer
Supreme Court doctrine that gave correctional administrators freedom from excessive lower court interferences
question
Prison Litigation Reform Act(PLRA)
answer
passed by Congress in 1996, this act limits the ability of inmates to complain about conditions of confinement and to allege violations of their constitutional rights
question
Substantive Rights
answer
a right, such as life, liberty or property that is held to exist for its own sake and to constitute part of the legal order of society
question
First Amendment
answer
congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances
question
Jailhouse Lawyers
answer
name given to inmates who develop an expertise in criminal law and help other inmates in preparing their cases
question
Fourth Amendment
answer
the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath and affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things being seized
question
Eighth Amendment
answer
excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted
question
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
answer
punishment that involves torture or the infliction or unnecessary and wanton pain
question
Fourteenth Amendment
answer
all persons born or naturalized in the US, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the US and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the US; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws
question
Innocence Projects
answer
these projects, found in a number of states, provide free legal assistance for those cases in which questions remain regarding the legality of their conviction
question
Grievance Process
answer
a formalized arrangement in which inmates can register their complaints about the conditions of their confinement
question
Corrections Ombudsman
answer
and ombudsman ("representative") is a person or body that protects citizens against governmental abuse
